Community Health Centers: A 2013 Profile and Prospects as ACA Implementation Proceeds

Issue Brief
  1. Uniform Data System (UDS) Report, 2003. Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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  2. Health Insurance Coverage of the Total Population, 2013,  State Health Facts, Kaiser Family Foundation, https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/total-population/

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  3. Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration (2014), National 2013 Health Center Data. http://bphc.hrsa.gov/uds/datacenter.aspx?q=tall&year=2013&state=

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  4. Goldman F and Grossman M, The Impact of Public Health Policy: The Case of Community Health Centers, November 1982, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper Series, http://www.nber.org/papers/w1020.pdf

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  5. Lebrun L et al., “Racial/Ethnic Differences in Clinical Quality Performance Among Health Centers,” Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 2013, 36(1),  http://bphc.hrsa.gov/publications/racialdifferences.pdf

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  6. Shi L et al., “America’s Health Centers: Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Perinatal Care and Birth Outcomes,” Health Services Research, 2004, 39(6, Part 1), http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxygw.wrlc.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=9557d0d8-e63e-4cc5-8d44-b10e851312de%40sessionmgr111&hid=111

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  7. O’Malley A et al., “Health Center Trends, 1994-2001: What Do They Portend For the Federal Growth Initiative,” Health Affairs, March-April 2005: 24(2),  http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/2/465.full.pdf+html

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  8. Shi L et al., “Community Health Centers and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Healthy Life,” International Journal of Health Services, 2001, 31(3), http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-primary-care-policy-center/Publications_PDFs/2001%20IJHS.pdf

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  9. Shi L et al., “Reducing Disparities in Access to Primary Care and Patient Satisfaction with Care: The Role of Health Centers,” 2013, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 21(1), http://www.ncfh.org/pdfs/2k12/9628.pdf

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  10. Bailey M and Goodman-Bacon A, The War on Poverty’s Experiment in Public Medicine: Community Health Centers and the Mortality of Older Americans (October 2014), NBER Working Paper Series, http://www.nber.org/papers/w20653.pdf

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  11. Sharma R et al., “Costs and Clinical Quality Among Medicare Beneficiaries: Associations with Health Center Penetration of Low-income Residents,” Medicare and Medicaid Research Review, 2014, 4(3),  https://www.cms.gov/mmrr/Downloads/MMRR2014_004_03_a05.pdf

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  12. Roby D et al., Exploring Healthcare Quality and Effectiveness at Federally-Funded Community Health Centers: Results from the Patient Experience Evaluation Report System (1993-2001), National Association of Community Health Centers, March 2003, http://www.nachc.com/client/PEERSreportfinal0226.pdf

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  13. Dor A et al., Uninsured and Medicaid Patients’ Access to Preventive Care: Comparison of Health Centers and Other Primary Care Providers, 2008, Policy Brief #4, Geiger Gibson Program/RCHN Community Health Foundation Research Collaborative, George Washington University, https://publichealth.gwu.edu/departments/healthpolicy/DHP_Publications/pub_uploads/dhpPublication_A5EFC6C5-5056-9D20-3DBB2F5E5B966398.pdf

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  14. Garfield R et al., The Coverage Gap: Uninsured Poor Adults in States that Do Not Expand Medicaid: An Update, Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014,  https://www.kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/the-coverage-gap-uninsured-poor-adults-in-states-that-do-not-expand-medicaid-an-update/

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  15. Artiga S et al., The Impact of the Coverage Gap in the States not Expanding Medicaid by Race and Ethnicity, 2013, Kaiser Family Foundation, https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/the-impact-of-the-coverage-gap-in-states-not-expanding-medicaid-by-race-and-ethnicity/

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  16. GWU analysis of 2013 HRSA UDS reports, http://bphc.hrsa.gov/healthcenterdatastatistics/statedata/index.html

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  17. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Medicaid and CHIP: December 2014 Monthly Applications, Eligibility Determinations and Enrollment Report, February 23, 2015, http://medicaid.gov/medicaid-chip-program-information/program-information/downloads/december-2014-enrollment-report.pdf

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  18. Heberlein M et al., Getting into Gear for 2014: Shifting New Medicaid Eligibility and Enrollment Policies into Drive, Appendix Table 2, 2013, Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, Kaiser Family Foundation, https://www.kff.org/report-section/getting-into-gear-for-2014-shifting-new-medicaid-eligibility-and-enrollment-policies-into-drive-section-2-medicaid-and-chip-eligibility-as-of-january-1-2014/

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  19. Ku L et al., How Medicaid Expansions and Future Community Health Center Funding Will Shape Capacity to Meet the Nation’s Primary Care Needs: A 2014 Update, 2014, Policy Research Brief #37, Geiger Gibson/RCHN Community Health Foundation Research Collaborative, George Washington University, http://www.rchnfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/GG-caseload-impact-brief-6-19-14.pdf

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  20. Massachusetts Health Care Reform: Six Years Later, 2012, Kaiser Family Foundation,  https://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/massachusetts-health-care-reform-six-years-later/

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  21. GWU analysis based on 2013 Health Center Data: Massachusetts Program Grantee Data, http://bphc.hrsa.gov/uds/datacenter.aspx?q=tall&year=2013&state=MA,  and Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2013, US Census Bureau (2014), http://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html

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  22. Health Insurance Marketplace Calculator, Kaiser Family Foundation, https://www.kff.org/interactive/subsidy-calculator/

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  23. The list of preventive services for women that must be furnished free of charge, which can be found at https://www.healthcare.gov/preventive-care-benefits/women/, includes a variety of screening services including routine screenings and screening for conditions such as domestic violence.  However, conditions requiring treatment during pregnancy because of the risk of complications (e.g., gestational diabetes, high blood pressure) would not be considered part of the preventive services benefit for women and could be subject to cost sharing. See HRSA preventives guidelines at http://www.hrsa.gov/womensguidelines/

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  24. Paradise J et al., Providing Outreach and Enrollment Assistance: Lessons Learned from Community Health Centers in Massachusetts, 2013, Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, Kaiser Family Foundation, https://www.kff.org/report-section/providing-outreach-and-enrollment-assistance-chcs-in-ma-introduction/

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  25. Ku et al., op. cit.

     

     

     

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