This Kaiser Family Foundation/New York Times survey provides an in-depth look at the experiences of Americans ages 18-64 who say they or someone in their household had problems paying medical bills in the past year.  The survey explores the causes of medical bill problems and the impacts they have on individuals and their families, finances, and access to health care.  To provide context, a shorter companion survey was conducted among those who do not report having medical bill problems.

News Release

Report

Read The New York Times Coverage

• Lost Jobs, Houses, Savings: Even Insured Often Face Crushing Medical Debt
• Slideshow: The Weight of Medical Bills
• ‘I Am Drowning.’ The Voices of People With Medical Debt
• How the Poll on Medical Bills was Conducted
• New Online Polling Experiment for the Post-Landline Phone Era

The cost of health care has long been a concern in the U.S., on both a national and a personal level. For individuals, this concern plays out most prominently among those who face difficulty paying medical bills or who are unable to pay such bills at all. For people who are uninsured, lack of coverage not only hinders access to care but also leaves them vulnerable to medical bills that cannot be paid. While insurance provides financial protection, that protection can be incomplete for a number of reasons, including rising deductibles and other forms of cost-sharing, out-of-network charges, the growing complexity of insurance that can leave consumers with unexpected bills, and the fact that many people have only modest financial assets to cover medical expenses.

Previous Kaiser surveys have found that about a quarter of people say they or someone in their household had problems paying medical bills in the past year, and a 2014 Kaiser report provided a qualitative look at some of the circumstances and consequences of unpaid medical bills through interviews with people who had sought credit counseling for medical debt.¹  But to date, there has been little research providing a quantitative look at the causes of medical bill problems and the impacts they have on people’s families, their finances, and their access to health care.

To fill this gap, the Kaiser Family Foundation and The New York Times conducted an in-depth survey with 1,204 adults ages 18-64²  who report that they or someone in their household had problems paying or an inability to pay medical bills in the previous 12 months. To provide context, we also conducted a shorter companion survey with 1,371 adults ages 18-64 who do not report having medical bill problems.

Prevalence of problems paying medical bills among different groups

Overall, about a quarter (26 percent) of U.S. adults ages 18-64 say they or someone in their household had problems paying or an inability to pay medical bills in the past 12 months. Though certain groups are more likely than others to report such problems, the survey finds that people from all walks of life can and do experience difficulty paying medical bills.

Insurance status has a strong association with medical bill difficulties, with over half (53 percent) of the uninsured saying they had problems paying household medical bills in the past year. However, as previous surveys have shown, insurance is not a panacea against these problems. Roughly one in five of those with health insurance through an employer (19 percent), Medicaid (18 percent), or purchased on their own (22 percent) also report problems paying medical bills. In fact, overall among all people with household medical bill problems, more than six in ten (62 percent) say the person who incurred the bills was covered by health insurance, while a third (34 percent) say that person was uninsured. Among those with private insurance (either through an employer or self-purchased), their plan’s deductible makes a difference in ability to afford health care bills, with those in higher deductible plans more likely to report medical bill problems than those in plans with lower deductibles³  (26 percent versus 15 percent).

Not surprisingly, problems paying medical bills are also more common among those with lower or moderate incomes. Just under four in ten (37 percent) of those with annual household incomes below $50,000 report experiencing such problems, compared with about a quarter (26 percent) of those with moderate incomes between $50,000 and $100,000, and 14 percent of those in the highest income category.⁴  Those with poorer health status and greater health needs are also more likely to report facing medical bill problems. This is true among those who say they have a disability that prevents them from participating fully in daily activities (47 percent report problems versus 22 percent of those without such a disability), among those who rate their own health as fair or poor (45 percent versus 22 percent of those in excellent, very good, or good health), and among those who say they’re receiving regular or ongoing medical treatment for a chronic condition (34 percent versus 23 percent of those who are not receiving such treatment).

Beyond insurance, income, and health status, several other demographic differences emerge in the rates at which people report experiencing problems paying medical bills. Women are somewhat more likely than men to report having such problems (29 percent versus 23 percent), as are adults under age 30 compared with those ages 30-64 (31 percent versus 24 percent) and those with children in their household versus those without (29 percent versus 24 percent). Looking by region, residents of the South have the highest share reporting problems (32 percent), while those in the Northeast have the lowest (18 percent). Likely due to differences in income and insurance status, those without a college degree are more likely than college graduates to report medical bill problems, as are Blacks and Hispanics compared with whites. (See Appendix Table 1 for more detail).

To explore these relationships further, we used a statistical technique called logistic regression analysis to isolate which demographic characteristics are the strongest predictors of problems paying medical bills when holding other factors constant. In that analysis, income, insurance status, and all 3 measures of health status (being in fair or poor health and having a disability or chronic condition) had a significant and strong association with problems paying medical bills, even after accounting for the influence of the other demographic factors. Having a private insurance plan with a high deductible also remained a significant predictor, even after controlling for other factors, as did being under age 25 and having minor children at home. Gender, race, and ethnicity were not statistically significant predictors of problems paying medical bills when controlling for other factors, suggesting that the higher rates of reported problems among women, Blacks, and Hispanics have to do with underlying differences in income and insurance status between these groups and their counterparts.

Circumstances leading to problems paying medical bills

Among those who report problems paying medical bills, two-thirds (66 percent) say the bills were the result of a one-time or short-term medical expense such as a hospital stay or an accident, while 33 percent cite bills for treatment of chronic conditions that have built up over time. These shares are similar for people who faced medical bill problems with and without insurance coverage.

Many are still struggling to pay off bills for treatment that occurred in the past. Over six in ten (63 percent) say they are no longer receiving the medical treatment that led to their problems paying bills, and almost half (46 percent) say the illness or injury that led to the bills occurred more than one year ago.

Most of those with medical bill problems say the bills are the result of their own or their spouse’s medical care. One-quarter (44 percent of those with children under age 18 in their household) say they had problems paying a child’s medical bills, and 10 percent cite another family member. Thirty-five percent say they’ve had problems paying bills for more than one family member.

The medical bills people report facing also come from a variety of sources. More than six in ten of those who had difficulty paying say the medical bills were for doctor visits (65 percent), diagnostic tests (65 percent), lab fees (64 percent) and emergency room visits (61 percent). About half say they had problems with bills for prescription drugs (52 percent), hospitalization (49 percent), and outpatient services (49 percent), while four in ten (41 percent) report problems with bills for dental care. Nearly all of those who had problems paying medical bills (91 percent) report having trouble with bills from at least two of these categories, and over half (53 percent) had problems with bills from five or more different sources.

Asked which types of bills made up the largest share of what they owed, the most common responses are emergency room visits (21 percent) and hospitalization (20 percent), followed by dental care (12 percent) and diagnostic tests like X-rays and MRIs (11 percent). In general, people who had problems paying medical bills with or without insurance report having similar types of bills, however the uninsured are more likely than the insured to say that emergency room bills were the largest source of their bill problems (35 percent versus 15 percent), while those with insurance are more likely than the uninsured to point to diagnostic tests like X-rays and MRIs (14 percent versus 6 percent).

When asked to describe in their own words the illness or injury that led to their medical bill problems, people give a variety of responses. Overall, the largest share (36 percent) name a specific disease, symptom or condition like heart disease or gastrointestinal problems, followed by issues related to chronic pain or injuries (16 percent), accidents and broken bones (15 percent), surgery (10 percent), dental issues (10 percent), and infections like pneumonia and flu (9 percent). Five percent each cite mental health or substance abuse issues and pregnancy or childbirth as the cause of their bills.

Among who say their bill problems were the result of a one-time or short-term medical expense, just under one in five (18 percent) cite an accident as the main cause. Most of the others name illnesses, pain, dental issues, or surgery, suggesting that although most bill problems are caused by one-time events, these events are often acute episodes of illness or expensive surgeries, medications or tests, rather than injuries caused by accidents. Those who say their bills have built up over time are even more likely to cite specific diseases, the most common being cancer (14 percent), heart disease (11 percent), and diabetes (11 percent).

Financial status of those with medical bill problems

About three in ten (31 percent) of those with medical bill problems say the total amount of the bills they had problems paying was $5,000 or more, including 13 percent who report bills adding to at least $10,000. Insurance appears to provide some protection from the highest bills, as the insured are less likely than the uninsured to report having bills of $10,000 or more (8 percent versus 21 percent).

Many of those with medical bill problems report struggling with bills of lower amounts, including 24 percent of the insured and 22 percent of the uninsured who say their bills amounted to less than $1,000. While these lower amounts may seem small, even a bill of $500 or less can present a major problem for someone who is living paycheck to paycheck. In fact, when asked to describe their financial situation, about six in ten (61 percent) of those who’ve had problems paying medical bills say they either just meet their basic expenses (43 percent) or don’t have enough to meet basic expenses (18 percent). Among the comparison group who did not report problems paying medical bills, just a quarter (24 percent) report such a tenuous financial situation, while the majority say they either live comfortably or meet their basic expenses with a little left over for extras.

Given their differing demographic profiles, it’s not surprising that those with health insurance are less likely than those without insurance to say they struggle to meet basic expenses. However, even among the insured, those who have faced medical bill problems are significantly more likely than their counterparts who haven’t had such problems to say they are either just getting by or don’t have enough to make ends meet (55 percent versus 22 percent).

The financial accounts held by people who’ve had problems paying medical bills also paint a picture of a more fragile financial situation. A large majority (78 percent) say they have a checking or savings account, though this is lower than among those who have not had medical bill problems (90 percent). Compared to those without medical debt, those who’ve had medical bill problems are also less likely to say they have a credit card (53 percent versus 77 percent), a retirement savings account (43 percent versus 62 percent), or some other type of savings (17 percent versus 38 percent). Again, not surprisingly, among those with medical bill problems, the uninsured are less likely than the insured to report having each of these types of accounts.

Income loss due to illness is another complicating factor for some of those who face medical bill difficulties. About three in ten (29 percent) say that someone in their household had to take a cut in pay or hours as a result of the illness that led to the medical bills, either because of the illness itself or in order to care for the person who was sick. Most of these (19 percent of the total who had problems paying medical bills) say their household income decreased a lot as a result.

The uninsured who had medical bill problems (36 percent) are somewhat more likely to report job losses or pay cuts, but still about a quarter (26 percent) of the insured who had medical bill problems report facing such an adverse employment outcome as a result of the illness that led to their bills.

Medical bill problems among those with health insurance

While problems paying medical bills are more common among the uninsured, more than six in ten (62 percent) of those who had problems paying medical bills say the person who incurred the bills was covered by health insurance when treatment began, with most of that coverage (39 percent of the total) coming through an employer. The vast majority (83 percent) of those who were insured when treatment began say they kept their coverage throughout the treatment period, but 15 percent of them (9 percent of the total) say they lost or dropped coverage at some point, mainly because of job loss or change or because they were no longer eligible for coverage.

Among those with private insurance through an insurer or purchased on their own (46 percent of the total who had problems paying medical bills), about half report having plans with high deductibles (at least $1500 for an individual of $3000 for a family), while the other half report having lower-deductible plans.

Of those who were insured when the bills were incurred, three-quarters (75 percent) say that the amount they had to pay for their insurance copays, deductibles, or coinsurance was more than they could afford. Interestingly, this is true among people in plans with higher deductibles (83 percent) and among those in plans with lower deductibles (76 percent), suggesting that other types of cost-sharing can present a problem even for people in lower-deductible health plans. For example, even under a plan with a relatively low deductible, large medical bills could arise from repeated co-pays or from out-of-network coinsurance.  This finding should not be confused with the finding shown in the first section of this report – that people in plans with higher deductibles are more likely to report problems paying medical bills in the first place. However, among insured people who have medical bill problems, most find cost sharing unaffordable regardless of the deductible level.

About three in 10 (32 percent) of those who had problems paying medical bills while insured say they received care from an out-of-network provider that their insurance wouldn’t pay for. For many, these bills came as a surprise. Seven in 10 (69 percent) of those who had problems paying for care received from an out-of-network provider say they were unaware that the provider was not in their plan’s network when they received the care.

Denied claims also contribute to medical bill problems among those with insurance. About a quarter (26 percent) of the insured who had medical bill problems say they had a claim denied by their insurance company. Common reported reasons for denial include a particular treatment not being covered (25 percent of those with denied claims) and receiving care from an out-of-network provider (14 percent); 21 percent of those who say they had a claim denied did not know or could not provide a reason for the denial.

The uninsured and attempts to get coverage

About a third (34 percent) of those who had problems paying medical bills say they were uninsured when the treatment that led to their medical bill problems began. However, many of these (39 percent, or 13 percent of the total who had problems paying medical bills) say they got coverage at some point while they were receiving treatment, mainly from Medicaid (36 percent of those who were uninsured and gained coverage).

Among those who remained uninsured throughout the time they were receiving the treatment that led to their medical bills, many say they tried to get coverage from Medicaid (52 percent), the health insurance marketplace (28 percent) or directly from an insurance company or broker (16 percent). Most of those who tried but were not able to get coverage from Medicaid say they were told they were not eligible for the program, while the most commonly reported reason for not getting private coverage was because it was too expensive.

The impact of medical bills on families

Among the roughly one-quarter of Americans ages 18-64 who report having problems paying medical bills, roughly equal shares say the impact of those bills on their families has been major (44 percent) and minor (47 percent). Relatively few (7 percent) say there has been no real impact. The survey shows that while insurance may protect people from having medical bills problems in the first place, once those problems occur the consequences are similar regardless of insurance status. Among those with medical bill problems, almost identical shares of the insured (44 percent) and uninsured (45 percent) say the bills have had a major impact on their families. Similarly, among those who had problems paying medical bills, those with higher incomes are just as likely to report that the bills had a major impact as those with lower incomes (though as noted above, people with lower incomes are more likely than those with higher incomes to report problems paying medical bills in the first place).

A few groups among those with medical bill problems are more likely to say the medical bills have had a major impact on their families, including people with bills amounting to $5,000 or more (66 percent), those who say the family member who generated the bills has a disability (57 percent), and those who describe their financial situation as not having enough to meet basic expenses (56 percent).

Among people with private health insurance, those in high-deductible plans are more likely than those in lower-deductible plans to say the bills had a major impact on their family (49 percent versus 35 percent), which may be related to the fact that high deductible plan enrollees report having higher bills on average. About two-thirds (64 percent) of those in high-deductible plans say their bills amounted to $2,500 or more, compared to four in ten with lower-deductible plans (40 percent).

Sacrifices made to pay medical bills

Even among those with health insurance, people who’ve faced medical bill problems report making various sacrifices in order to pay these bills, including significant changes to their employment, financial situation, or lifestyle. Overall, about seven in ten report cutting back or delaying vacations or major household purchases (72 percent) as well as reducing spending on food, clothing and basic household items (70 percent). About six in ten (59 percent) say they used up all or most of their savings in order to pay medical bills. Substantial shares say that someone in their household took on an extra job or worked more hours (41 percent), borrowed money from family and friends (37 percent), or increased their credit card debt (34 percent). Roughly a quarter (26 percent) say they took money out of a retirement, college, or other long-term savings account. Smaller – but not inconsequential – shares say they changed their living situation (17 percent), took out another type of loan (15 percent), borrowed from a payday lender (13 percent), or sought the aid of a charity or non-profit (12 percent) in order to pay medical bills. Very few (2 percent) report taking out a second mortgage on their home.

These sacrifices are reported by people in all walks of life, and not just the uninsured or those with precarious financial situations. In fact, people who have problems paying medical bills despite having health insurance are more likely than the uninsured with medical bill problems to say they’ve put off vacations or major household purchases (77 percent versus 64 percent), cut back spending on food, clothing, or basic household items (75 percent versus 62 percent), used up all or most of their savings (63 percent versus 51 percent), increased their credit card debt (38 percent versus 24 percent), or taken money out of long-term savings (31 percent versus 17 percent) in order to pay medical bills. The opposite is true in one case; the uninsured with medical bill problems are more likely than those with insurance to say they had to change their living situation in order to pay these bills (23 percent versus 14 percent).

In addition to the sacrifices listed above, fifteen percent of people who had problems paying medical bills report making other significant changes to their way of life in order to pay these bills.

Effects of medical bills on ability to get needed health care

For many, problems paying household medical bills can impact their ability to get (or continue getting) the health care services they need. Overall, about three in ten (31 percent) of those who faced problems paying medical bills say they had problems getting other health care they needed directly as a result of these problems. While the problem is worse for those without insurance – among whom 41 percent say they had trouble getting needed care because of medical bills – it is also reported by about a quarter (26 percent) of those who had insurance when their medical bill problems occurred.

More broadly, many of those with medical bill problems report delaying or skipping health care over the past 12 months because of the cost – at rates 2 to 3 times those of their counterparts who did not have problems paying medical bills, regardless of their insurance status. For example, among those with health insurance, 43 percent of those with medical bill problems say there was a time in the past year when they or a family member did not get a recommended medical test or treatment because of the cost, compared with just 13 percent of those without such medical bill problems. Similarly, 41 percent of the insured who faced medical bill problems say they did not fill a prescription in the past 12 months because of the cost, compared with 14 percent of those with health insurance who did not have bill problems. Access to dental care can be affected, too; among those with health insurance, 62 percent of those with medical bill problems report postponing dental care in the previous year due to cost, compared with 29 percent of those without such problems.

Effects of medical bills on household finances and ability to afford basic needs

Medical bills can also lead to problems meeting other financial obligations and paying for basic necessities. Among those with medical bill problems, about six in ten of both the insured (62 percent) and the uninsured (62 percent) say they’ve had difficulty paying other bills as a result of medical debt. Over a third in each group (34 percent of the insured and 39 percent of the uninsured) say they were unable to pay for basic necessities like food, heat, or housing as a result of medical bills.

Although this survey focuses on the problems Americans face in paying medical bills, for many, medical bills represent just one source of bills or debt. Most of those with medical bill problems report having other kinds of debt, including credit card debt (56 percent), car loans (46 percent), student loans (33 percent), mortgages (32 percent), payday loans (17 percent), and other outstanding loans (31 percent). Among those with medical bill problems, those with health insurance are more likely than those without insurance to report having credit card debt (63 percent versus 43 percent), a car loan (52 percent versus 33 percent), or a mortgage (41 percent vs. 16 percent), which may reflect better access to these types of credit among the insured group. However, similar shares of the insured and uninsured report having a student loan (34 percent of the insured and 32 percent of the uninsured) and a loan owed to a payday lender (17 percent each).

For some of those with problems paying medical bills, medical debt makes up a large share of their total debt. About one in five (22 percent, including 17 percent of the insured and 34 percent of the uninsured) say their medical bills represent all or almost all of their total non-mortgage debt. By contrast, just over half (56 percent) of the insured and about a third (36 percent) of the uninsured say they have either paid off all their medical bills, or that medical debt makes up less than half of their total debt.

The survey also finds that once medical bill problems start, it can be difficult to make them stop, and that for some, medical bills can start a cascade of other bill problems. Six in ten (60 percent) say this is not the first time they’ve faced medical bill problems, a share that is even higher among those who say their bills are the result of an ongoing health problem (67 percent) and those who say the family member who generated the bills has a disability (69 percent).

Further, while almost half (47 percent) say they’ve also had problems paying other unrelated bills in the past year, medical bills appear to be either the sole problem or the main trigger of bill problems for the other half, including 31 percent who say they’ve only had problems with medical bills, not other types of bills, and 19 percent who say their problems paying other bills started as a result of their medical bills.

Financial consequences of struggling to make payments

Many of those who’ve faced household medical bill problems report struggling to make payments, both for their medical bills and for other bills. Six in ten (61 percent) say they have been late on a payment for a medical bill, and almost as many (56 percent) say they’ve missed a payment. Similar shares report being late or missing payments for other (non-medical) bills (56 percent and 46 percent, respectively). Once a person has problems paying medical bills, their insurance status appears to make little difference in their ability to pay bills on time. Among those with medical bill problems, similar shares of the insured and uninsured say they’ve been late on a payment (62 percent and 63 percent, respectively) or missed a payment (55 percent and 61 percent) for a medical bill in the past year.

Far fewer, though still roughly two in ten, say they’ve defaulted on a loan for a medical bill (17 percent), including a somewhat higher share of the uninsured (23 percent) compared to those with insurance (15 percent).

Likely as a result of missed or late payments, almost six in ten (58 percent) of those with medical bill problems say they’ve been contacted by a collection agency in the past year, mostly because of medical bills alone (25 percent) or a combination of medical bills and some other type of debt (20 percent). Again, once medical bill problems start, insurance offers little protection against such follow-up, with similar shares of the insured (56 percent) and uninsured (63 percent) saying they’ve been contacted by a collections agency in the past 12 months.

An indication of more serious financial problems, a small share (2 percent) of those with household medical bill problems say they’ve declared personal bankruptcy in the past year, and another 16 percent report declaring bankruptcy longer than 12 months ago. Overall, 11 percent say they’ve declared bankruptcy at some point and that medical bills were at least a partial contributor to their bankruptcy. Among those with medical bill problems, reports of having declared bankruptcy are similar among the insured (21 percent) and those without health insurance (14 percent).

In today’s health care environment where information about the cost of health care services can be difficult to find, patients and families often need to be savvy consumers in terms of estimating the cost of care (or their share of the cost if insured), finding the best price, and working out a payment plan after services have been received. The survey finds that some of those who faced medical bill problems found health care providers willing to cooperate with them in setting up payment plans or reducing the amount they owed, while others attempted to engage in cost-conscious health care shopping behaviors and met with little success.

Broadly, the survey finds that a majority of people both with medical bill problems (61 percent) and without (63 percent) say doctors rarely, if ever, discuss the costs of recommended treatments and whether they would be covered by insurance.

The survey does find, however, that those who’ve had difficulty paying medical bills are more likely than their peers to report taking extra measures to negotiate prices or shop around for health care.

Compared to those who have not experienced medical bill problems, those who have faced such problems are more likely to say that in the past 12 months, they have checked with a doctor’s office about the cost a visit beforehand (49 percent versus 34 percent), shopped around to find the best price for a medical service (34 percent versus 17 percent), or negotiated with a provider to get a lower price before receiving services (22 percent versus 6 percent). However, those with medical bill problems are also more likely than those without such problems to say they have been told by a provider they must pay in full up front before services are provided (36 percent versus 14 percent).

Despite these extra efforts, many of those who say they tried to engage in cost-conscious behaviors found it difficult or unproductive. Seven in ten (69 percent) of those who shopped around for a lower price on medical services say it was difficult to find information about how much they would have to pay, and 67 percent of those who attempted to negotiate with a provider for a lower price say they were unsuccessful in doing so.

Just over half (53 percent) of those who had problems paying medical bills say they worked out a payment plan with a provider for at least some of what they owed. Most of these (28 percent of the total) say they did not pay a finance charge to the provider, while 12 percent say they did pay a finance charge and another 12 percent are not sure.

Many hospitals have programs available to reduce or waive bills for people who have trouble paying, and non-profit hospitals are required to have such programs.⁵  Among those who report problems paying hospital bills, about half (47 percent) do not know if the hospital where they received care has such a program or not. Over a quarter (27 percent) say the hospital does have such a program, and 15 percent signed up for it. Additionally, fourteen percent of those who had problems paying medical bills other than hospital bills say a health care provider agreed to reduce the amount they owed.

These survey findings confirm that problems related to unaffordable medical bills and medical debt are prevalent, affecting roughly 1 in 4 non-elderly adults in the United States. Certain groups are more vulnerable, including individuals and families with lower incomes and limited financial assets, people with chronic medical conditions and disabilities, the uninsured, and people insured by plans with high deductibles.  Even so, people are not immune who have higher incomes, who are insured, or who are otherwise in good health and then experience unexpected health problems.

Insurance features like cost-sharing, provider networks, and confusing billing practices can all lead to medical bill problems among the insured. While higher deductibles and other forms of cost-sharing have helped to keep health insurance premium growth at historically low levels in recent years, the survey highlights the consequences these changes can have for people. Price transparency is another issue; while many say they tried to research treatment option costs in advance, most say such information was difficult to find.

The survey also shows that medical bill problems can have real and often lasting impacts on individuals and families in terms of their standard of living, their financial stability, and their ability to access needed health care. While insurance provides some protection against incurring medical bill problems in the first place, once these problems occur, the effects on individuals and families are often as serious for the insured as they are for the uninsured. As the nation moves beyond the debate over the Affordable Care Act, issues of health care costs and affordability like those highlighted by this survey are likely to play a prominent role in health policy discussions. Information about the causes of medical debt and its impacts on people can play an important part in these discussions and help policymakers and others as they work on solutions to alleviate the burden of medical debt on American families.

Appendix 1: Reported Problems Paying Medical Bills By Demographic Group

Appendix 2: Survey Methodology

The Kaiser Family Foundation/New York Times Medical Bills Survey is based on interviews with a probability-based sample of 2,575 respondents between the ages of 18 and 64 conducted August 28 through September 28, 2015. Interviews were administered online and by telephone in English and Spanish, including a longer interview with 1,204 adults who reported problems paying household medical bills in the past 12 months and a shorter comparison survey with 1,371 who did not report such problems. Teams from the Foundation and The Times worked together to develop the questionnaire and analyze the data, and both organizations contributed financing for the survey. Each organization is solely responsible for its content.

NORC at the University of Chicago conducted sampling, interviewing, and tabulation for the survey using the AmeriSpeak Panel, a representative panel of adults age 18 and over living in the United States. AmeriSpeak Panel members are recruited through probability sampling methods using the NORC National Sample Frame, an address-based sampling frame. Panel members who do not have internet access complete surveys via telephone, and internet users complete surveys via the web (for the current survey, 619 respondents completed via phone and 1,956 via web).

The combined results have been weighted to adjust for the fact that not all survey respondents were selected with the same probability, to address the implications of sample design, and to account for systematic nonresponse along known population parameters. The first weighting stage addressed differences in probability of selection for the AmeriSpeak Panel and to account for differential nonresponse to the AmeriSpeak screening interview. At this stage, an adjustment was also made to account for the undersampling of panelists who did not report problems paying household medical bills and to account for differential nonresponse to the survey screening interview.

In the second weighting stage, the sample was adjusted to match known demographic distributions of the U.S. population ages 18-64 by age, gender, education, race/ethnicity, Census region, and household income. Demographic weighting parameters were based on the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2015 March Supplement to the Current Population Survey.

The margin of sampling error including the design effect for the full sample is plus or minus 3 percentage points.  All statistical tests of significance account for the effect of weighting. Numbers of respondents and margin of sampling error for key subgroups are shown in the table below. For results based on other subgroups, the margin of sampling error may be higher. Sample sizes and margins of sampling error for other subgroups are available by request. Note that sampling error is only one of many potential sources of error in this or any other public opinion poll.

Kaiser Family Foundation public opinion and survey research and NORC at the University of Chicago are both charter members of the Transparency Initiative of the American Association for Public Opinion Research.

1. Medical Debt Among People With Health Insurance, Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2014. https://modern.kff.org/private-insurance/report/medical-debt-among-people-with-health-insurance/ ↩︎
2. People ages 65 and older also experience problems paying medical bills. However, since nearly all of them have access to health insurance coverage through Medicare, and since their family budget considerations are often quite different from those of younger adults, we limited this survey to those ages 18-64. ↩︎
3. Throughout this report, higher deductibles are defined as $1,500 and above for an individual or $3,000 and above for a family. ↩︎
4. Results are similar if respondents are grouped by an estimate of their income as a percentage of the federal poverty level (FPL) using information on income and family size, rather than based on household income alone. ↩︎
5. New Requirements for 501(c)(3) Hospitals Under the Affordable Care Act, Internal Revenue Service, https://www.irs.gov/Charities-&-Non-Profits/Charitable-Organizations/New-Requirements-for-501(c)(3)-Hospitals-Under-the-Affordable-Care-Act ↩︎
6. Throughout this report, higher deductibles are defined as $1,500 and above for an individual or $3,000 and above for a family. ↩︎