Work Among Medicaid Adults: Implications of Economic Downturn and Work Requirements

Appendix 2

Table 1: Own Work Status of Non-Dual, Non-SSI,
Nonelderly Adult (19-64) Medicaid Enrollees, 2019
Total Share Who Worked
Total 21,806,000 63%
Age Under 26 4,445,000 61%*
26 – 45 10,785,000 69%
46 or older 6,576,000 56%*
Sex Male 9,235,000 69%
Female 12,572,000 59%*
Race/Ethnicity White 9,370,000 63%
Black 3,910,000 60%
Hispanic 6,346,000 66%*
Asian 235,000 52%*
American Indian/Alaska Native 1,427,000 62%
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 110,000 61%
Multiple Races 409,000 64%
Education Less than High School 3,735,000 56%*
High School Graduate 8,141,000 62%*
Some College 6,405,000 67%
Bachelor’s Degree or Higher 3,524,000 68%
Geographic Region Northeast 4,845,000 67%
Midwest 4,188,000 66%
South 5,746,000 58%*
West 7,028,000 64%*
Metro Status Non-Metro^ 3,094,000 63%
Metro 18,712,000 63%
Family Type One Parent with Children 2,387,000 77%*
Two Parents with Children 4,018,000 69%
Multi-generational 1,741,000 60%*
Married Adults 10,229,000 58%*
Other 3,432,000 64%*
Family Work Status Multiple Full-Time Workers in Family 4,530,000 84%
One Full-Time Worker in Family 9,736,000 74%*
Only Part-Time Workers in Family 3,398,000 83%
No Workers in Family 4,142,000 0%
Self-Reported Health Excellent/Very Good 10,566,000 71%
Good 7,330,000 64%*
Fair/Poor 3,910,000 41%*
NOTE: * Indicates statistically significant difference from italicized reference group at p<0.05 level. ^ Non-Metro includes people in not-identified areas. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race but are categorized as Hispanic; other groups are non-Hispanic
SOURCE: KFF analysis of March 2020 Current Population Survey.
Table 2: Characteristics of Working Non-Dual, Non-SSI, Nonelderly Adult (19-64) Medicaid Enrollees, 2019
Total 13,796,000
Work Status Full-Time^ 68%
Full-Time, Full-Year 48%
Full-Time, Part-Year 20%
Part-Time 32%
Part-Time, Full-Year 17%
Part-Time, Part-Year 15%
Number of Weeks Worked During the Year 1-12 weeks 7%
13-25 weeks 7%
26-38 weeks 10%
39-51 weeks 13%
52 weeks 63%
Firm Size < 50 employees 46%
50 – 99 employees 8%
100+ employees 46%
NOTE: ^ Full-Time is based on total number of hours worked per week (at least 35 hours). Full-time workers may be simultaneously working more than one-job. Numbers may not sum due to rounding.
SOURCE: KFF analysis of March 2020 Current Population Survey.
Table 3: Work Status and Family Work Status of Non-Dual, Non-SSI, Nonelderly Adult (19-64) Medicaid Enrollees, 2019
Total # Non-SSI, Non-Dual, Nonelderly Adult Medicaid Enrollees Family Work Status Own Work Status
No Worker in Family Full-Time Worker in Family Part-Time Worker in Family Not Working Working Full-Time Working Part-Time
US TOTAL 21,806,000 19% 65% 16% 37% 43% 20%
Alabama 173,000 40% 47% N/A 52% 36% N/A
Alaska 56,000 N/A 60% 23% 33% 41% 26%
Arizona 562,000 24% 61% 14% 39% 41% 20%
Arkansas 224,000 25% 59% 15% 39% 42% 20%
California 4,396,000 16% 70% 14% 37% 44% 19%
Colorado 396,000 20% 62% 18% 39% 39% 23%
Connecticut 300,000 16% 62% 22% 38% 35% 27%
Delaware 71,000 14% 59% 27% 25% 45% 30%
District of Columbia 73,000 29% 54% 16% 42% 40% 18%
Florida 842,000 26% 59% 15% 45% 39% 17%
Georgia 409,000 22% 65% 13% 44% 41% 15%
Hawaii 101,000 18% 65% 17% 38% 37% 24%
Idaho 80,000 18% 65% 17% 38% 41% 21%
Illinois 807,000 17% 64% 19% 34% 43% 23%
Indiana 429,000 20% 61% 19% 37% 40% 23%
Iowa 205,000 N/A 66% 19% 27% 45% 28%
Kansas 87,000 N/A 65% 16% 31% 51% 18%
Kentucky 361,000 24% 58% 18% 40% 42% 18%
Louisiana 491,000 31% 54% 16% 46% 35% 20%
Maine 93,000 28% 53% N/A 33% 42% 25%
Maryland 425,000 16% 73% N/A 34% 46% 20%
Massachusetts 665,000 16% 64% 19% 31% 44% 25%
Michigan 837,000 23% 57% 19% 38% 38% 24%
Minnesota 338,000 14% 65% 21% 26% 46% 28%
Mississippi 112,000 36% 49% N/A 53% 33% N/A
Missouri 197,000 29% 70% N/A 51% 43% N/A
Montana 88,000 16% 66% 18% 23% 49% 27%
Nebraska 72,000 10% 69% 20% 43% 39% 18%
Nevada 211,000 16% 71% 13% 38% 46% 16%
New Hampshire 56,000 N/A 72% N/A 30% 47% 23%
New Jersey 598,000 14% 73% 13% 32% 48% 20%
New Mexico 233,000 23% 60% 17% 37% 40% 24%
New York 2,180,000 14% 69% 17% 35% 44% 21%
North Carolina 468,000 21% 62% 17% 42% 43% 16%
North Dakota 31,000 24% 63% 13% 34% 45% 21%
Ohio 824,000 18% 61% 21% 32% 39% 30%
Oklahoma 136,000 18% 66% 16% 37% 46% 17%
Oregon 326,000 16% 68% 16% 29% 48% 23%
Pennsylvania 822,000 16% 71% 13% 31% 49% 20%
Rhode Island 81,000 14% 71% N/A 32% 46% 22%
South Carolina 206,000 37% 47% N/A 52% 33% N/A
South Dakota 20,000 N/A 65% 22% N/A 49% 32%
Tennessee 388,000 20% 68% 11% 38% 47% 15%
Texas 801,000 24% 64% 12% 46% 41% 13%
Utah 86,000 N/A 40% 25% 57% N/A 21%
Vermont 50,000 15% 69% 17% 27% 52% 20%
Virginia 407,000 20% 69% 11% 36% 42% 22%
Washington 475,000 17% 70% 14% 33% 47% 20%
West Virginia 156,000 24% 62% 14% 40% 44% 15%
Wisconsin 340,000 12% 71% 17% 25% 49% 26%
Wyoming 20,000 22% 66% N/A 42% 45% 13%
NOTES: N/A= estimate does not meet minimum standard for statistical reliability. Full-Time is based on total number of hours worked per week (at least 35 hours). Full-time workers may be simultaneously working more than one-job. Note that total number of non-elderly, non-SSI adults from survey data may be lower than state administrative data.
SOURCE: KFF analysis of March 2020 Current Population Survey.
Table 4: Reason for Not Working Among Non-Dual, Non-SSI, Nonelderly Adult (19-64) Medicaid Enrollees, 2019
Working Ill or Disabled Caretaking Attending School Other Reason
US TOTAL 63% 10% 12% 7% 7%
Alabama 48% 19% 16% N/A N/A
Alaska 67% 9% N/A N/A N/A
Arizona 61% 11% 13% 5% 11%
Arkansas 61% 8% 13% 10% 8%
California 63% 8% 13% 8% 8%
Colorado 61% N/A 13% N/A 8%
Connecticut 62% N/A 12% N/A N/A
Delaware 75% N/A N/A N/A N/A
District of Columbia 58% 14% 8% 6% 14%
Florida 55% 14% 13% 9% 9%
Georgia 56% 13% 13% 8% N/A
Hawaii 62% 10% 15% N/A 13%
Idaho 62% 12% 16% N/A N/A
Illinois 66% 9% 10% 7% 8%
Indiana 63% 11% 16% N/A N/A
Iowa 73% N/A 8% N/A N/A
Kansas 69% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Kentucky 60% 16% 9% N/A 11%
Louisiana 54% 15% 12% 9% 9%
Maine 67% 21% N/A N/A N/A
Maryland 66% N/A 13% N/A N/A
Massachusetts 69% 8% 7% 8% 8%
Michigan 62% 13% 11% N/A 8%
Minnesota 74% 12% N/A N/A N/A
Mississippi 47% 23% 18% N/A N/A
Missouri 49% 26% 19% N/A N/A
Montana 77% N/A 9% N/A N/A
Nebraska 57% N/A 16% N/A N/A
Nevada 62% 8% 14% 8% N/A
New Hampshire 70% 18% N/A N/A N/A
New Jersey 68% 7% 10% 10% N/A
New Mexico 63% 10% 14% 5% 8%
New York 65% 8% 13% 7% 7%
North Carolina 58% 16% 12% N/A 7%
North Dakota 66% 18% 8% N/A N/A
Ohio 68% 13% 12% N/A N/A
Oklahoma 63% N/A 16% N/A N/A
Oregon 71% N/A 7% 7% N/A
Pennsylvania 69% 10% 10% N/A 8%
Rhode Island 68% N/A N/A N/A N/A
South Carolina 48% N/A 14% N/A N/A
South Dakota 81% N/A N/A 0% 0%
Tennessee 62% 16% 15% 5% N/A
Texas 54% 15% 17% N/A 10%
Utah 43% 15% 20% 16% N/A
Vermont 73% N/A 9% N/A N/A
Virginia 64% N/A 11% N/A N/A
Washington 67% 9% 9% 5% N/A
West Virginia 60% 14% 12% 6% 8%
Wisconsin 75% 8% N/A N/A N/A
Wyoming 58% 24% 14% 0% N/A
NOTES: N/A= estimate does not meet minimum standard for statistical reliability. Other reason includes retired, could not find work, and other reasons.
SOURCE: KFF analysis of March 2020 Current Population Survey.
Table 5: Characteristics of Working Non-Dual, Non-SSI, Nonelderly Adult (19-64) Medicaid Enrollees, 2019
Firm Size(# Employees) Industry
<50 50-99 100+ Agriculture/Services Education/Health Professional/Public Admin Manufacturing Top Industry
US TOTAL 46% 8% 46% 49% 20% 18% 14% Restaurants/Food Service
Alabama 45% N/A 43% 57% N/A 17% 17% Restaurants/Food Service
Alaska 59% N/A 38% 56% 22% N/A N/A N/A
Arizona 42% 8% 51% 42% 19% 22% 18% N/A
Arkansas 44% N/A 52% 49% 18% 18% 15% N/A
California 54% 7% 39% 50% 16% 19% 15% Restaurants/Food Service
Colorado 40% N/A 54% 47% 20% 22% N/A N/A
Connecticut 51% N/A 45% 41% 23% 20% N/A N/A
Delaware 39% N/A 52% 57% 27% N/A N/A N/A
District of Columbia 32% N/A 63% 50% 14% 29% N/A Restaurants/Food Service
Florida 38% 9% 53% 53% 17% 20% 10% Restaurants/Food Service
Georgia 51% N/A 40% 46% 21% 15% N/A N/A
Hawaii 59% N/A 35% 54% 18% 20% N/A Restaurants/Food Service
Idaho 49% N/A 39% 55% 16% 18% N/A N/A
Illinois 40% 10% 51% 43% 22% 19% 16% Restaurants/Food Service
Indiana 42% N/A 53% 48% 23% N/A 17% Restaurants/Food Service
Iowa 42% N/A 52% 33% 31% 14% 22% N/A
Kansas N/A N/A 69% 37% 35% N/A 17% N/A
Kentucky 35% N/A 57% 40% 15% 25% 20% N/A
Louisiana 42% 8% 49% 52% 24% 15% 10% Restaurants/Food Service
Maine 56% N/A 37% 49% 31% 16% N/A N/A
Maryland 52% N/A 42% 57% 17% 20% N/A N/A
Massachusetts 43% 6% 51% 51% 21% 16% 12% Restaurants/Food Service
Michigan 53% N/A 40% 47% 21% 18% 14% Restaurants/Food Service
Minnesota 42% N/A 52% 33% 27% 18% 21% N/A
Mississippi 41% N/A 52% 41% 31% N/A 22% N/A
Missouri 40% N/A 45% 61% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Montana 45% N/A 50% 55% 24% 15% N/A N/A
Nebraska 50% N/A 42% 52% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Nevada 33% 9% 58% 46% 17% 21% 16% N/A
New Hampshire 57% N/A 42% 26% 33% 28% N/A N/A
New Jersey 43% N/A 48% 46% 20% 15% 18% Construction
New Mexico 49% 7% 44% 48% 23% 18% 11% Construction
New York 50% 9% 41% 47% 20% 21% 12% Restaurants/Food Service
North Carolina 44% N/A 55% 62% 16% N/A N/A N/A
North Dakota 50% N/A 41% 48% 31% N/A N/A N/A
Ohio 34% N/A 57% 53% 19% 13% 15% Restaurants/Food Service
Oklahoma 46% N/A 48% 51% 24% N/A N/A N/A
Oregon 54% N/A 39% 53% 15% 26% N/A N/A
Pennsylvania 41% 7% 52% 52% 26% 11% 12% N/A
Rhode Island 35% N/A 59% 40% 29% N/A N/A N/A
South Carolina 44% N/A 54% 35% 31% N/A N/A N/A
South Dakota 83% N/A N/A 46% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Tennessee 41% 9% 50% 58% 12% 13% 17% Restaurants/Food Service
Texas 49% 9% 42% 52% 21% 13% 15% Construction
Utah 34% N/A 60% 52% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Vermont 57% N/A 34% 50% 20% 18% 12% N/A
Virginia 39% 12% 50% 44% 19% 21% 16% Restaurants/Food Service
Washington 43% 10% 47% 53% 20% 17% 10% N/A
West Virginia 43% 9% 48% 50% 21% N/A 14% Restaurants/Food Service
Wisconsin 57% N/A 35% 44% 24% N/A 20% N/A
Wyoming 48% N/A 47% 45% 39% N/A N/A N/A
NOTES: Totals may not sum to 100% due to rounding. N/A= estimate does not meet minimum standard for statistical reliability. Agriculture/Services includes agriculture, construction, leisure and hospitality services, wholesale and retail trade. Education/Health includes education and health services. Professional/Public Administration includes finance, professional and business services, information, and public administration. Manufacturing includes mining, manufacturing, and transportation and utilities.
SOURCE: KFF analysis of March 2020 Current Population Survey.
Table 6: Share Working Among Non-Dual, Non-SSI, Nonelderly Adult (19-64) Medicaid Enrollees by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity, 2019
Share Working By Age Group Share Working By Sex Share Working By Race/Ethnicity*
Age 19-25 Age 26-45 Age 46+ Male Female White Black Hispanic Other
US TOTAL 65% 68% 41% 69% 59% 63% 60% 66% 61%
Alabama 38% 58% 38% 56% 46% 47% 44% 60% N/A
Alaska 71% 67% 63% 77% 58% 61% N/A N/A 66%
Arizona 65% 66% 49% 62% 60% 52% 56% 69% 45%
Arkansas 63% 68% 50% 73% 53% 65% 46% 69% 55%
California 60% 67% 60% 72% 57% 63% 61% 66% 55%
Colorado 64% 60% 62% 68% 56% 62% N/A 64% 76%
Connecticut 56% 70% 58% 73% 55% 63% 62% 66% N/A
Delaware 85% 79% 65% 74% 76% 76% 72% 80% 80%
District of Columbia 54% 64% 50% 58% 58% 55% 54% 77% N/A
Florida 47% 68% 42% 58% 53% 47% 56% 64% 80%
Georgia 54% 63% 48% 65% 51% 56% 54% 56% 70%
Hawaii 65% 68% 48% 69% 55% 72% N/A 88% 56%
Idaho 60% 63% 62% 70% 54% 67% N/A 56% N/A
Illinois 60% 75% 55% 73% 62% 70% 61% 67% 61%
Indiana 69% 60% 61% 64% 62% 65% 53% 60% 81%
Iowa 76% 78% 62% 70% 75% 74% 78% 68% 68%
Kansas 83% 76% N/A 84% 61% 66% N/A 91% 74%
Kentucky 68% 70% 36% 66% 56% 59% 66% N/A N/A
Louisiana 45% 68% 42% 52% 55% 53% 56% 54% 46%
Maine 68% 71% 61% 69% 66% 67% 77% N/A N/A
Maryland 62% 69% 65% 73% 62% 64% 64% 69% 81%
Massachusetts 66% 78% 62% 65% 73% 65% 74% 76% 64%
Michigan 57% 65% 58% 57% 65% 63% 53% 87% 48%
Minnesota 73% 76% 70% 67% 80% 75% 78% N/A 70%
Mississippi 54% 52% N/A 64% 40% 49% 44% N/A N/A
Missouri 58% 49% 46% 68% 35% 48% N/A N/A N/A
Montana 76% 84% 61% 83% 72% 76% N/A 94% 76%
Nebraska N/A 73% 48% 53% 60% 69% N/A 55% N/A
Nevada 66% 62% 60% 75% 52% 59% 68% 69% 49%
New Hampshire 71% 78% 55% 66% 73% 66% N/A 65% N/A
New Jersey 55% 76% 67% 71% 66% 72% 65% 67% 69%
New Mexico 58% 66% 61% 64% 62% 70% 91% 61% 56%
New York 60% 70% 61% 74% 58% 71% 57% 65% 63%
North Carolina 61% 64% 46% 68% 52% 57% 53% 70% 57%
North Dakota 70% 78% 48% 66% 66% 66% N/A N/A 72%
Ohio 69% 80% 48% 75% 64% 62% 84% 74% 69%
Oklahoma 55% 71% 56% 72% 56% 58% 79% 80% N/A
Oregon 68% 78% 62% 72% 69% 75% N/A 65% 64%
Pennsylvania 80% 75% 53% 71% 68% 65% 82% 74% 56%
Rhode Island 73% 72% 54% 73% 64% 65% 77% 74% N/A
South Carolina N/A 53% 54% N/A 53% 57% 41% N/A N/A
South Dakota 85% 87% 61% 91% 76% 86% N/A 89% N/A
Tennessee 69% 64% 52% 73% 54% 61% 63% 63% 75%
Texas 57% 63% 33% 62% 49% 39% 60% 58% 81%
Utah N/A 52% 45% N/A 47% 42% N/A 55% N/A
Vermont 70% 76% 69% 74% 71% 72% N/A N/A N/A
Virginia 57% 66% 67% 66% 63% 62% 58% 82% 72%
Washington 67% 68% 66% 73% 63% 62% N/A 79% 78%
West Virginia 63% 63% 51% 61% 58% 59% 67% 61% N/A
Wisconsin 83% 78% 65% 79% 72% 74% 90% 64% 76%
Wyoming 65% 68% 41% 72% 49% 59% N/A N/A N/A
NOTES: N/A= estimate does not meet minimum standard for statistical reliability. * Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race but are categorized as Hispanic; other groups are non-Hispanic.
SOURCE: KFF analysis of March 2020 Current Population Survey.
Table 7: Share Working Among Non-Dual, Non-SSI, Nonelderly Adult Medicaid Enrollees by Education Level and Self-Reported Health Status, 2019
Share Working Within Each Education Level Share Working Within Each Health Status Group
< High School High School Grad Some College Bachelor’s or Higher Fair/Poor Good
Excellent/
Very Good
US TOTAL 56% 62% 67% 68% 41% 64% 71%
Alabama 38% 43% 66% N/A N/A 51% 58%
Alaska N/A 65% 77% 70% 60% 66% 72%
Arizona 50% 66% 61% 62% 38% 65% 67%
Arkansas 38% 62% 64% 70% 41% 55% 76%
California 60% 63% 64% 69% 38% 66% 69%
Colorado 70% 61% 60% 59% 32% 62% 75%
Connecticut N/A 63% 69% 62% 54% 45% 75%
Delaware 59% 79% 80% 62% N/A 75% 87%
District of Columbia 50% 51% 64% 69% N/A 55% 70%
Florida 37% 64% 56% 53% 44% 54% 61%
Georgia 71% 45% 65% 61% N/A 66% 63%
Hawaii 58% 57% 69% 64% 46% 52% 76%
Idaho N/A 45% 69% 93% 44% 53% 71%
Illinois 67% 58% 75% 64% 54% 64% 73%
Indiana 52% 63% 62% 78% 32% 66% 82%
Iowa 71% 63% 77% 96% 64% 62% 84%
Kansas N/A 57% 80% 93% N/A 68% 85%
Kentucky 50% 61% 64% 56% N/A 54% 76%
Louisiana 50% 53% 56% 61% N/A 58% 65%
Maine N/A 65% 72% 73% N/A 84% 73%
Maryland 63% 62% 71% 70% 53% 55% 79%
Massachusetts 67% 67% 71% 74% 35% 65% 77%
Michigan 56% 58% 69% 60% 32% 72% 72%
Minnesota 46% 73% 77% 79% 52% 66% 85%
Mississippi N/A 46% 61% N/A N/A 47% 70%
Missouri N/A 55% 53% 56% 44% 41% 56%
Montana 89% 81% 78% 58% 50% 81% 85%
Nebraska 48% 55% 60% 75% 45% N/A 75%
Nevada 62% 58% 69% 52% 39% 56% 76%
New Hampshire N/A 83% 59% 72% N/A 71% 79%
New Jersey 52% 71% 69% 69% 53% 70% 71%
New Mexico 47% 62% 69% 84% 50% 64% 69%
New York 60% 62% 70% 68% 44% 62% 71%
North Carolina 42% 63% 58% 82% 37% 61% 65%
North Dakota N/A 71% 66% 91% 42% 65% 80%
Ohio 47% 67% 81% 62% 45% 72% 75%
Oklahoma 64% 52% 74% 88% 65% 59% 64%
Oregon 64% 67% 72% 77% 51% 72% 81%
Pennsylvania 51% 64% 77% 78% 57% 68% 77%
Rhode Island 50% 65% 82% 75% N/A 78% 70%
South Carolina N/A 43% 54% N/A N/A 61% 42%
South Dakota 65% 70% 86% 95% N/A 79% 84%
Tennessee 57% 54% 73% 75% 44% 54% 80%
Texas 56% 48% 63% 50% 26% 55% 65%
Utah N/A 57% N/A 54% N/A 48% 49%
Vermont 85% 75% 65% 73% 51% 72% 78%
Virginia 46% 73% 53% 82% 52% 73% 65%
Washington 76% 73% 62% 65% 64% 61% 72%
West Virginia 39% 63% 60% 85% N/A 62% 71%
Wisconsin N/A 79% 76% 76% 61% 66% 89%
Wyoming N/A 52% 65% 73% N/A 72% 77%
NOTES: N/A= estimate does not meet minimum standard for statistical reliability.
SOURCE: KFF analysis of March 2020 Current Population Survey.
Table 8: Industries and Occupations with Largest Number of Working Non-Dual,
Non-SSI, Nonelderly Adult (19-64) Medicaid Enrollees, 2019
Industry Number of Adult Workers with Medicaid
Restaurants and other food services 1,385,000
Construction 1,103,000
Elementary and secondary schools 455,000
Home health care services 296,000
General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty hospitals 269,000
Services to buildings and dwellings 261,000
Supermarkets and other grocery stores 261,000
General merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters 227,000
Child day care services 225,000
Landscaping services 218,000
Occupation Number of Adult Workers with Medicaid
Cashiers 479,000
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers 353,000
Janitors and building cleaners 335,000
Cooks 330,000
Waiters and waitresses 330,000
Construction laborers 312,000
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 288,000
Maids and housekeeping cleaners 285,000
Customer service representatives 283,000
Retail salespersons 278,000
NOTE: General/surgical and specialty hospitals do not include psychiatric or substance abuse hospitals. Services to buildings and dwellings do not include construction. Supermarkets and other grocery do not include convenience stores.
SOURCE: KFF analysis of 2020 Current Population Survey.
Appendix 1

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