2022 Employer Health Benefits Survey

This 24^th annual survey of employers provides a detailed look at trends in employer-sponsored health coverage, including premiums, employee contributions, cost-sharing provisions, offer rates, wellness programs, and employer practices. The 2022 survey included 2,188 interviews with non-federal public and private firms.

Annual premiums for employer-sponsored family health coverage reached $22,463 this year, with workers on average paying $6,106 toward the cost of their coverage. The average deductible among covered workers in a plan with a general annual deductible is $1,763 for single coverage. Workers at smaller firms, on average, contribute nearly $2,000 more toward the cost of family coverage than workers at larger firms. They also face general annual deductibles that are $1,000 higher on average. This year’s report also looks at employers’ experiences and views about mental health and substance use services, telemedicine, and wellness programs.

Survey results are released in several formats, including a full report with downloadable tables on a variety of topics, a summary of findings, and an article published in the journal Health Affairs.

NEWS RELEASE

• A news release announcing the publication of the 2022 Employer Health Benefits Survey is available.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

• The Summary of Findings provides an overview of the 2022 survey results and is available under the Summary of Findings tab.

FULL REPORT

• The complete Employer Health Benefits Survey report includes over 200 exhibits and is available under the Report tab. The “Report” tab contains 13 separate sections. Users can view each section separately or download the section exhibits from the right side of the respective section page.

HEALTH AFFAIRS

• The peer-reviewed journal Health Affairs has published an article with key findings from the 2023 survey: Health Benefits In 2022: Premiums Remain Steady, Many Employers Report Limited Provider Networks for Behavioral Health

INTERACTIVE GRAPHIC

• This graphing tool allows users to look at changes in premiums and worker contributions for covered workers at different types of firms over time: Premiums and Worker Contributions Among Workers Covered by Employer-Sponsored Coverage, 1999-2022.

CHARTPACK

• More than 20 overview slides from the 2022 Employer Health Benefits Survey are available as a slideshow.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

• Standard errors for selected estimates are available in the Technical Supplement.
• Employer Health Benefits Surveys from 1998–2021 are available here. Please note that historic survey reports have not been revised with methodological changes.
• Researchers may request a public use dataset by going to Contact Us and choosing “TOPIC: Health Costs.”
• Also available is the California Health Care Foundation’s report, California Employer Health Benefits: Cost Burden on Workers Varies.

 

Employer-sponsored insurance covers almost 159 million nonelderly people.¹ To provide a current snapshot of employer-sponsored health benefits, KFF conducts an annual survey of private and non-federal public employers with three or more workers. This is the twenty-fourth Employer Health Benefits Survey (EHBS) and reflects employer-sponsored health benefits in 2022.

The survey was fielded from February to July of 2022. We made several revisions to the survey for 2022, including adding an online response option that 43% of respondents used to complete the survey. This change and others discussed in the methods section helped increase the number of employers completing the 2022 survey by 30% from last year.

HEALTH INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND WORKER CONTRIBUTIONS

In 2022, the average annual premiums for employer-sponsored health insurance are $7,911 for single coverage and $22,463 for family coverage. These amounts are each similar to the average premiums in 2021. In contrast to the lack of premium growth in 2022, workers’ wages increased 6.7% and inflation increased 8%.² This difference may be due to the fact that many of the premiums for 2022 were finalized in the fall of 2021, before the extent of rising prices became clear. As inflation continues to grow at relatively high levels, we could potentially observe a higher increase in average premiums for 2023 than we have seen in recent years.

The average premium for family coverage has increased 20% over the last five years and 43% over the last ten years [Figure A].

Covered workers at small and large firms have similar premiums for single coverage ($8,012 vs. $7,873) and family coverage ($22,186 vs. $22,564). The average premiums for covered workers in high-deductible health plans with a savings option (HDHP/SO) are lower than the overall average premiums for single coverage ($7,288) and family coverage ($21,136) [Figure B]. In contrast, the average premiums for covered workers enrolled in PPOs are higher than the overall average premiums for single ($8,272) and family coverage ($23,426). Average premiums for both single coverage and family coverage are relatively high for covered workers in the Northeast and relatively low for covered workers in the South.

Figure A: Average Annual Worker and Employer Premium Contributions for Family Coverage, 2012, 2017, and 2022

Figure B: Average Annual Worker and Employer Premium Contributions for Single and Family Coverage, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure C: Cumulative Premium Increases, Inflation, and Earnings for Covered Workers With Family Coverage, 2002-2022

Most covered workers make a contribution toward the cost of the premium for their coverage. On average, covered workers contribute 17% of the premium for single coverage and 28% of the premium for family coverage, similar to the percentages in 2021. Covered workers at small firms contribute, on average, a higher percentage of the premium for family coverage than those at large firms (36% vs. 26%). As a result, the average contribution amount for covered workers in small firms ($7,556) is higher than the average contribution amount for covered workers in large firms ($5,580). Covered workers at private for-profit firms contribute a higher percentage of the premium for both single and family coverage than those at other firms, on average, while covered workers at public firms contribute a lower percentage of the premium for both single and family coverage.

Thirty-three percent of covered workers at small firms are enrolled in a plan where the employer pays the entire premium for single coverage. This is the case for only 6% of covered workers at large firms. However, 31% of covered workers at small firms are in a plan where they must contribute more than half of the premium for family coverage, compared to 7% of covered workers at large firms [Figure D].

The average annual dollar amounts contributed by covered workers in 2022 are $1,327 for single coverage and $6,106 for family coverage, similar to the amounts last year. Nine percent of covered workers, including 21% of covered workers at small firms, are in a plan with a worker contribution of $12,000 or more for family coverage.

Figure D: Distribution of Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers for Single and Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

PLAN ENROLLMENT

PPOs remain the most common plan type. In 2022, 49% of covered workers are enrolled in a PPO, twenty-nine percent in a high-deductible plan with a savings option (HDHP/SO), 12% in an HMO, 9% in a POS plan, and 1% in a conventional (also known as an indemnity) plan [Figure E]. This distribution of covered workers in plan types is similar to the distribution of covered workers in plan types last year.

Figure E: Distribution of Health Plan Enrollment for Covered Workers, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2017 and 2022

SELF FUNDING

Many firms – particularly larger firms – self-fund, or pay for some or all health services for their workers directly from their own funds rather than through the purchase of health insurance. Sixty-five percent of covered workers, including 20% of covered workers at small firms and 82% in large firms are enrolled in plans that are self-funded. The percentage of covered workers in self-funded plans in 2022 is similar to the percentage last year.

Thirty-eight percent of small firms offering health benefits report that they have a level-funded plan, similar to the percentage in 2021 but much higher than preceding years. Level-funded arrangements combine a relatively small self-funded component with stop-loss insurance, which limits the employer’s liability and transfers a substantial share of the risk to insurers. These plans have the potential to meaningfully affect competition in the small group market because, unlike insured plans, they use health status as a factor in rating and underwriting, and are not required to provide all of the essential health benefits that are mandatory for other plans.

EMPLOYEE COST SHARING

Most covered workers must pay a share of the cost when they use health care services. Eighty-eight percent of workers with single coverage have a general annual deductible that must be met before most services are paid for by the plan.

Among workers with single coverage and a general annual deductible, the average deductible amount is $1,763, similar to last year. The average deductible for covered workers is much higher at small firms than large firms ($2,543 vs. $1,493). Among workers with single coverage and any deductible, the average deductible amount has increased 17% over the last five years and 61% over the last ten years.In five years, the percentage of covered workers with a general annual deductible of $2,000 or more for single coverage has grown from 22% to 32% [Figure F].

Some workers in health plans with high deductibles also receive contributions to savings accounts from their employers, which can be used to reduce cost sharing amounts. Fourteen percent of covered workers in an HDHP with a Health Reimbursement Arrangement (HRA), and 3% of covered workers in a Health Savings Account (HSA)-qualified HDHP receive an account contribution for single coverage greater than or equal to their deductible amount. Additionally, 30% of covered workers in an HDHP with an HRA and 17% of covered workers in an HSA-qualified HDHP receive account contributions that, if applied to their deductible, would reduce their personal annual liability to less than $1,000.

Regardless of their deductible, most covered workers also pay a portion of the cost when they visit an in-network physician. Many covered workers face a copayment (a fixed dollar amount) when they visit a doctor, although some workers instead have coinsurance requirements (a percentage of the covered amount). Average copayments are $27 for primary care and $44 for specialty care physician appointments, while average coinsurance rates are 19% for primary care and 20% for specialty care. These amounts are similar to those observed in 2021.

Most workers also face additional cost sharing for a hospital admission or outpatient surgery. Sixty-eight percent of covered workers have coinsurance requirements and 13% have a copayment for hospital admissions. The average coinsurance rate for a hospital admission is 20% and the average copayment amount is $344 per hospital admission. The cost sharing requirements for outpatient surgery follow a similar pattern to those for hospital admissions.

Virtually all covered workers are in plans with an annual limit on in-network cost sharing (called an out-of-pocket maximum) for single coverage, though these limits vary significantly. Among covered workers in plans with an out-of-pocket maximum for single coverage, 8% are in a plan with an out-of-pocket limit less than $2,000, while 26% are in a plan with a limit of $6,000 or more.

Figure F: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Plan With a General Annual Deductible of $2,000 or More for Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 2009-2022

AVAILABILITY OF EMPLOYER-SPONSORED COVERAGE

While nearly all large firms (firms with 200 or more workers) offer health benefits to at least some workers, small firms (3-199 workers) are significantly less likely to do so. In 2022, 51% of all firms offered some health benefits. This is lower than the percentage of firms offering health benefits last year (59%) but similar to the percentage five years ago (53%).

Most firms are very small, leading to fluctuations in the overall offer rate, as the offer rates of small firms can vary widely from year to year. Most workers, however, work for larger firms, where offer rates are high and much more stable. Over ninety percent (93%) of firms with 50 or more workers offer health benefits in 2022. This percentage has remained consistent over the last 10 years. Overall, 89% of workers employed at firms with 3 or more workers are employed at a firm that offers health benefits to at least some of its workers.

Although the vast majority of workers are employed by firms that offer health benefits, many workers are not covered by their employers. Some are not eligible to enroll (e.g., waiting periods or part-time or temporary work status), while others who are eligible choose not to enroll (e.g., they may feel the coverage is too expensive or they may be covered through another source). Overall, at firms that offer coverage, 78% of workers are eligible. Among eligible workers, 77% take up the firm’s offer. The end result is 60% of workers at firms that offer health benefits enrolling in coverage. All of these percentages are similar to those in 2021. Among workers in firms offering health benefits, those in firms with a relatively large share of lower-wage workers are less likely to be covered by their own firm than workers in firms with a smaller share of lower-wage workers (49% vs. 62%).³

Among all workers, across firms that offer health benefits and firms that do not, 54% are covered by health plans offered by their employer. This is similar to the percentage last year.

HEALTH PROMOTION AND WELLNESS PROGRAMS

Many firms have programs that help workers identify health issues and manage chronic conditions, including health risk assessments, biometric screenings, and health promotion programs [Figure G]. However, disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, including job changes, remote work, and social distancing have challenged workers’ abilities to participate. In the 2021 EHBS, we focused on the changes employers made to these programs in response to the pandemic. For the 2022 EHBS, we look at the shares of employers offering these programs and make comparison to pre-COVID-19 levels in 2019 where appropriate.

Health Risk Assessments. Among firms offering health benefits, 40% of small firms and 55% of large firms provide workers the opportunity to complete a health risk assessment. The percentage of large firms with a health risk assessment program is lower than in 2019 (41%). Among large firms that offer a health risk assessment, 50% use incentives or penalties to encourage workers to complete the assessment, similar to the percentage (50%) in 2019.

Biometric Screenings. Among firms offering health benefits, 24% of small firms and 45% of large firms provide workers the opportunity to complete a biometric screening. The percentage of large firms with a biometric screening program is higher than the percentage in 2021 (38%). This suggests that some large employers are reinstating or revamping programs that were discontinued or suspended during the pandemic. Among large firms with a biometric screening program, 57% use incentives or penalties to encourage workers to complete the assessment, similar to the percentage (58%) in 2019.

Figure G: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Offering Various Wellness and Health Promotion Activities and Incentives, by Firm Size, 2017-2022

Health and Wellness Promotion Programs. Most firms offering health benefits offer programs to help workers identify and address health risks and unhealthy behaviors. Fifty-four percent of small firms and 85% of large firms offer a program in at least one of these areas: smoking cessation, weight management, and behavioral or lifestyle coaching. The percentage of large firms offering one of these programs is similar to the percentages last year (83%) and in 2019 (84%).

EMPLOYER SATISFACTION WITH HEALTH BENEFIT OFFERINGS

Employers offering health benefits were asked about their level of satisfaction with several aspects of their health plan offerings, including the overall costs for employees, access to care, including access to mental health services, quality of care, and adequacy of plan networks [Figure H]. Among firms offering health benefits:

• A large share (66%) is “very satisfied” or “satisfied” with the overall cost of care for their employees. Large firms are more likely to be at least “satisfied” with the overall cost of care than small firms (79% vs. 65%).
• Thirty-nine percent is “very satisfied” and another 48% is “satisfied” with the quality of the health care providers participating in their health plan networks. These percentages are similar for large and small firms.
• Thirty percent is “very satisfied” and another 58% is “satisfied” with the timely access to services for plan enrollees. These percentages are similar for large and small firms.
• Fourteen percent is “very satisfied” and another 54% is “satisfied” with access to behavioral health care in their health plans for enrollees who need it. Large firms are more likely than small firms to be “very satisfied” with access to behavioral health care in their health plans (25% vs. 13%), while small firms are more likely to say that they do not know (22% vs. 7%).
• Fifteen percent is “very satisfied” and another 61% is “satisfied” with the level of employee engagement with the plan and providers. These percentages are similar for large and small firms.

Figure H: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Firm’s Satisfaction With Aspects of Firm’s Health Plans, 2022

HEALTH PLAN PROVIDER NETWORKS

We asked employers to characterize the breadth of the provider network in their largest health plan, as well as whether the networks had a sufficient number of providers to assure timely access to certain services [Figure I]. Among employers offering health benefits:

• Fifty percent say that the network in their plan with the largest enrollment is “very broad,” 37% say it is “somewhat broad,” and 12% say it is “somewhat narrow.” Large firms are more likely than small firms to characterize the network in their largest health plan as “very broad” (63% vs. 50%).
• Twenty percent of firms say that the network for mental health and substance use in their plan with the largest enrollment is “very broad,” 51% say it is “somewhat broad,” 21% say it is “somewhat narrow,” and 8% say it is “very narrow.” Large firms are more likely than small firms to characterize the network for mental health and substance use services in their largest health plan as “very broad” (30% vs. 19%).
• Over four in five (82%) of firms believe that there is a sufficient number of primary care providers in the plan networks to provide timely access to services for workers and their family members. In contrast, only 44% believe that there is a sufficient number of behavioral health providers in the plan networks to provide timely access to services for workers and their family members. Thirty-three percent of small firms and 18% of large firms say that they do not know the answer to this question.

Figure I: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, How Broad the Firm Considers Their Largest Plan’s Provider Network, by Firm Size, 2020-2022

TELEMEDICINE

Access to telemedicine benefits, which had been growing steadily before the COVID-19 pandemic, skyrocketed during the lockdown period as people refrained from seeking non-emergency health care. We asked employers about their telemedicine benefit offerings, as well as whether they view these benefits as an important source of access to health care in the future [Figure J].

For this survey, we define telemedicine as the delivery of health care services through telecommunications to a patient from a provider who is at a remote location, including video chat and remote monitoring. We note that during the COVID-19 pandemic, some plans have eased their definitions to allow more types of digital communication to be reimbursed.

Among firms with 50 or more workers offering health benefits, 87% of small firms and 96% of large firms cover the provision of some health care services through telemedicine in their largest health plan. The percentages of small firms (50-199 workers) and large firms reporting that they cover services through telemedicine are much higher than they were three years ago (87% vs. 65% for small firms and 96% vs. 82% for large firms).

Among firms with 50 or more employees offering telemedicine services:

• Twenty-four percent offer telemedicine services through a specialized telemedicine service provider, such as Teledoc, Doctor on Demand, OR MDLIVE, while 59% offer services through their health plan, 14% offer services through both a specialized telemedicine provider and their health plan, and 3% provide services through some other arrangement. Small firms are more likely than larger firms to provide telemedicine services only through their health plan (63% vs. 46%), while large firms are more likely than smaller firms to use a specialized telemedicine provider (32% vs. 21%) or both a specialized telemedicine provider and their health plan (20% vs. 13%).
• Thirty-four percent expect the use of telemedicine to increase in 2022 when compared to last year, 14% expect it to decrease, and 42% expect it to stay about the same.
• Four percent say that their costs have increased as a result of telemedicine, 6% say that costs have decreased, 63% say that costs have stayed about the same, and 27% say that they do not know.

Firms with 50 or more employees offering telemedicine benefits were also asked how important they felt telemedicine would be in providing employees access to certain types of services in the coming years. Among these firms:

• Behavioral Health Services. Thirty-six percent say that telemedicine will be “very important” in providing access to behavioral health services in the future, and another 31% say that it will be “important” in providing access to these services. Large firms are more likely than small firms to say that telemedicine will be “very important” to providing access to behavioral health services (55% vs. 36%).
• Primary Care. Thirty-three percent say that telemedicine will be “very important” in providing access to primary care in the future, and another 33% say that it will be “important” to providing access primary care.
• Specialty Care. Twenty-seven percent say that telemedicine will be “very important” in providing access to specialty care in the future, and another 31% say that it will be “important” to providing access to specialty care.
• Enrollees in Remote Areas. Forty percent say that telemedicine will be “very important” in providing future access to care for enrollees in remote areas, and another 27% say that it will be “important” to providing future access for remote enrollees. Large firms are more likely than small firms to say that telemedicine will be “very important” to providing access for enrollees in remote areas (54% vs. 39%) while small firms are more likely than large firms to say that telemedicine will be “not important” in providing access for remote enrollees (11% vs. 4%) or to say that they do not know.

Figure J: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, How Important Will Telemedicine Be in Providing Access to Various Groups Going Forward, 2022

ASSISTANCE FOR LOWER-WAGE WORKERS

Some employers provide assistance to their lower-wage employees to help them with the costs of participating in their health plans. We asked large firms whether they provided assistance to help lower-wage workers with contributions or cost sharing.

• Ten percent of large firms offering health benefits have a program to lower the premium contributions of lower-wage workers, similar to the percentage in 2018 (11%). Firms with 5,000 or more workers are more likely to have a program to lower premium contributions than smaller firms.
• Only 5% of large firms offering health benefits have a program to lower cost sharing of lower-wage workers, similar to the percentage seen in 2020 (6%).

DISCUSSION

This year’s average annual premiums for single coverage ($7,911) and family coverage ($22,463) are similar to last year’s. The absence of premium increases this year may reflect the low levels of utilization during the fall of 2021, when many employers were setting their premiums.⁴ The inflation experienced throughout the economy in 2022 may push prices up, leading to premium increases in the upcoming year. Despite these concerns, this year continues a period of relatively low premium growth. Family premiums increased 20% over the last five years, compared to 30% between 2007 and 2012 and 51% between 2002 and 2007. Over the last five-year period, family coverage premiums grew at a rate comparable to inflation (17%) and workers earnings (23%). Additionally, the past few years have not seen significant increases in many measures of employee cost. Over the last five years, the average worker contribution to premiums for family coverage grew by 7%, slower than premiums overall, and slower than the average contribution made by employers to the premium (25%). Following a period of rapid increases, deductibles are growing at a slower pace; among all covered workers, the average deductible increased 28% over the last five years, compared to 52% between 2012 and 2017. Affordability issues linger for many with employer coverage, particularly for those at small firms who typically face high general annual deductibles, and for lower-wage workers who may find premiums unaffordable.⁵ However, recent years have been a reprieve from the rapid increases in premiums and deductibles throughout the 2000s and 2010s.

There are important differences in coverage offered by small and large firms. On average, workers at small firms contribute more to the cost of family coverage ($7,556 vs. $5,580) and face larger general annual deductibles. Among covered workers with a general annual deductible, the average deductible for single coverage is $2,543 at small firms, compared to $1,493 at large firms. Workers in small firms are considerably more likely to have a general annual deductible of $2,000 or more for single coverage than workers in large firms (49% vs. 25%).

Many employers continue to be concerned about meeting the mental health needs of their employees and their dependents. In 2022, 48% of large employers saw an increase in the share of employees seeking mental health services, and 43% were at least somewhat concerned with the growth of substance use conditions among their employees. In response to this need, many employers, particularly large employers, offer self-care apps (44%) or an employee assistance program (81%). Overall, employers expressed concern about the breadth of their provider networks for those with mental health conditions. Only 52% of large employers believe that there were a sufficient number of behavioral health providers in their networks to allow timely access to services compared to 89% for primary care providers. Additionally, only three-in-ten employers described their provider network as “very broad” for mental health services compared to 63% for their networks overall. Many employers indicated that they were trying to bolster their provider networks through alternative modes, such as adding new virtual providers.

Employers remain optimistic about the future of telemedicine, with over half of large employers indicating they believe it will be “very important” to provide access to behavioral health services, and care to enrollees in remote settings, going forward. Even as pandemic restrictions ease, over a third of large employers expected telemedicine use to increase this year.

Many employers expressed satisfaction with key elements of their plans. Over three-quarters of employers responded that they were either “very satisfied” or “satisfied” with the components of their plans we asked about, including cost of care, quality of providers, and enrollees’ timely access to services. Despite challenges, this high level of satisfaction may help explain the stability we have witnessed in employer coverage, despite the considerable turmoil over the last two years.

METHODOLOGY

The KFF 2022 Employer Health Benefits Survey reports findings from a survey of 2,188 randomly selected non-federal public and private employers with three or more workers. Davis Research, LLC conducted the field work between February and July 2022. In 2022, the overall response rate is 14%, which includes firms that offer and do not offer health benefits. Unless otherwise noted, differences referred to in the text and figures use the 0.05 confidence level as the threshold for significance. Small firms have 3-199 workers unless otherwise noted. Values below 3% are not shown on graphical figures to improve the readability of those graphs. Some distributions may not sum due to rounding. For more information on survey methodology, see the Survey Design and Methods section at www.kff.org/ehbs.

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Filling the need for trusted information on national health issues, KFF is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California.

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1. Estimate from KFF’s analysis of American Community Survey. Health insurance coverage of the nonelderly 0–64 [Internet]. San Francisco (CA): KFF; 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/nonelderly-0-64/↩︎
2. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mid-Atlantic Information Office. Consumer Price Index historical tables for, U.S. city average (1967 = 100) of annual inflation [Internet]. Washington (DC): BLS; [cited 2022 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/data/consumerpriceindexhistorical1967base_us_table.htmSeasonally adjusted data from the Current Employment Statistics Survey. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Current Employment Statistics—CES (national) [Internet]. Washington (DC): BLS; [cited 2022 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.bls.gov/ces/publications/highlights/highlights-archive.htm↩︎
3. This threshold is based on the twenty-fifth percentile of workers’ earnings ($30,000 in 2022). Seasonally adjusted data from the Current Employment Statistics Survey. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Current Employment Statistics—CES (national) [Internet]. Washington (DC): BLS; [cited 2022 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.bls.gov/ces/publications/highlights/highlights-archive.htm↩︎
4. Gallagher K, Gerhart J, Amin K, Rae M, Cox C. Early 2021 data show no rebound in health care [Internet]. San Francisco (CA): Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker; 2022 Aug 17 [cited 2022 Oct 7]. Available from: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/early-2021-data-show-no-rebound-in-health-care-utilization/↩︎
5. Claxton G, Rae M, Kurani N, Ortaliza J. How affordability of employer coverage varies by family income [Internet]. San Francisco (CA): Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker; 2022 Mar 10 [cited 2022 Oct 7]. Available from: https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/brief/how-affordability-of-health-care-varies-by-income-among-people-with-employer-coverage/↩︎

KFF has conducted this annual survey of employer-sponsored health benefits since 1999. KFF works with NORC at the University of Chicago (NORC) and Davis Research LLC (Davis) to field and analyze the survey. From Febuary to July 2022, Davis interviewed business owners as well as human resource and benefits managers at 2,188 firms.

SURVEY TOPICS

The survey includes questions on the cost of health insurance, health benefit offer rates, coverage, eligibility, plan type enrollment, premium contributions, employee cost sharing, prescription drug benefits, retiree health benefits, and wellness benefits.

Firms that offer health benefits are asked about the plan attributes of their largest health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO), point-of-service (POS) plan, and high-deductible health plan with a savings option (HDHP/SO).⁶ We treat exclusive provider organizations (EPOs) and HMOs as one plan type and conventional (or indemnity) plans as PPOs. The survey defines an HMO as a plan that does not cover nonemergency out-of-network services. POS plans use a primary care gatekeeper to screen for specialist and hospital visits. HDHP/SOs were defined as plans with a deductible of at least $1,000 for single coverage and $2,000 for family coverage and that either offer a health reimbursement arrangement (HRA) or are eligible for a health savings account (HSA). Definitions of the health plan types are available in Section 4, and a detailed explanation of the HDHP/SO plan type is in Section 8. Throughout this report, we use the term “in-network” to refer to services received from a preferred provider.

To reduce survey burden, questions on cost sharing for office visits, hospitalization, outpatient surgery and prescription drugs were only asked about the firm’s largest plan type. Firms sponsoring multiple plan types, were asked for their premiums, worker contribution and deductibles for their two largest plan types. Within each plan type, respondents are asked about the plan with the most enrollment.

Firms are asked about the attributes of their current plans during the interview. While the survey’s fielding period begins in Febuar, many respondents may have a plan whose 2022 plan year lags behind the calendar year. In some cases, plans may report the attributes of their 2021 plans and some plan attributes (such as HSA deductible limits) may not meet the calendar year regulatory requirements. Decisions concerning plan features and costs may have taken place months before the interview.

SAMPLE DESIGN

The sample for the annual KFF Employer Health Benefits Survey includes private firms and nonfederal government employers with three or more employees. The universe is defined by the U.S. Census’ 2018 Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) for private firms and the 2017 Census of Governments (COG) for non-federal public employers. At the time of the sample design (December 2021), these data represented the most current information on the number of public and private firms nationwide with three or more workers. As in the past, the post-stratification is based on the most up-to-date Census data available (the 2019 SUSB). We determine the sample size based on the number of firms needed to ensure a target number of completes in six size categories.

We attempted to repeat interviews with prior years’ survey respondents (with at least ten employees) who participated in either the 2020 or the 2021 survey, or both. Firms with 3-9 employees are not included in the panel to minimize the potential of panel effects. As explained below, this year we also included firms which had participated in either 2018 or 2020 California Health Benefit Survey, sponsored by the California Health Care Foundation. As a result, 1,066 of the 2,188 firms that completed the full survey also participated in either the 2020 or 2021 surveys, or both. In total, 231 firms participated in 2020, 330 firms participated in 2021, and 505 firms participated in both 2020 and 2021. Non-panel firms are randomly selected within size and industry groups.

Since 2010, the sample has been drawn from a Dynata list (based on a census assembled by Dun and Bradstreet) of the nation’s private employers and the COG for public employers. To increase precision, we stratified the sample by ten industry categories and six size categories. The federal government and business with fewer than three employees are not included. Education is a separate category for the purposes of sampling, and included in Service category for weighting. For information on changes to the sampling methods over time, please consult the extended methods at www.kff.org/ehbs

RESPONSE RATE

Response rates are calculated using a CASRO method, which accounts for firms that are determined to be ineligible in its calculation. The overall response rate is 14% [Figure M.1].⁷ The response rate for panel firms is higher than the response rate for non-panel firms. Similar to other employer and household surveys, the Employer Health Benefits Survey has seen a general decrease in response rates over time. Since 2017, we have attempted to increase the number of completes by increasing the number of non-panel firms in the sample. While this generally increases the precision of estimates by ensuring a sufficient number of respondents in various sub-groups, it has the effect of reducing the overall response rate. Over the last two years, we have seen a larger decrease in response rates, in part a result of workplace disruptions accompanying the pandemic.

The vast majority of questions are asked only of firms that offer health benefits. A total of 1,759 of the 2,188 responding firms indicated they offered health benefits. This year we have more completes than in previous years (502 more respondents). This decrease may be attributed to a combination of factors including the introduction of the mixed-modal data collection, incorporating the CHBS and return-to-work accompany lower COVID-19 infection rates.

We asked one question of all firms in the study with which we made phone contact but where the firm declined to participate: “Does your company offer a health insurance program as a benefit to any of your employees?”. A total of 5,105 firms responded to this question (including 2,188 who responded to the full survey and 2,917 who responded to this one question). These responses are included in our estimates of the percentage of firms offering health benefits.⁸ The response rate for this question is 32% [Figure M.1].

Figure M.1: Response Rates for Various Subsets of the Sample, 2022

While response rates have decreased, elements of the survey design limit the potential impact of a response bias. Most major statistics are weighted by the percentage of covered workers at a firm. The most important statistic that is weighted by the number of employers is the offer rate; firms that do not complete the full survey are asked whether their firm offers health benefits to any employees. As noted, this question relies on a wider set of respondents than just those completing the full survey. As in years past the majority of firms are very small, so the considerable fluctuation we see across years in the offer rate for these small firms drives the overall offer rate.

FIRM SIZES AND KEY DEFINITIONS

Throughout the report, we report data by size of firm, region, and industry. Unless otherwise specified, firm size definitions are as follows: small firms: 3-199 workers; and large firms: 200 or more workers. [Figure M.2] shows selected characteristics of the survey sample. A firm’s primary industry classification is determined from Dynata’s designation on the sampling frame and is based on the U.S. Census Bureau’s North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), [Figure M.3]. A firm’s ownership category and other firm characteristics such as the firm’s wage level and the age of the work force are based on respondents’ answers. While there is considerable overlap in firms in the “State/Local Government” industry category and those in the “public” ownership category, they are not identical. For example, public school districts are included in the service industry even though they are publicly owned. Family coverage is defined as health coverage for a family of four.

Figure M.2: Selected Characteristics of Firms in the Survey Sample, 2022

Figure M.3: Industries by NAICS code

[Figure M.4] presents the breakdown of states into regions and is based on the U.S Census Bureau’s categorizations. State-level data are not reported both because the sample size is insufficient in many states and we only collect information on a firm’s primary location rather than where all workers may actually be employed. Some mid- and large-size employers have employees in more than one state, so the location of the headquarters may not match the location of the plan for which we collected premium information.

Figure M.4: States by Region, 2022

[Figure M.5] displays the distribution of the nation’s firms, workers, and covered workers (employees receiving coverage from their employer). Among the three million firms nationally, approximately 59.1% employ 3 to 9 workers; such firms employ 7.2% of workers, and 3.5% of workers covered by health insurance. In contrast, less than one percent of firms employ 5,000 or more workers; these firms employ 37% of workers and 41.6% of covered workers. Therefore, the smallest firms dominate any statistics weighted by the number of employers. For this reason, most statistics about firms are broken out by size categories. In contrast, firms with 1,000 or more workers are the most influential employer group in calculating statistics regarding covered workers, since they employ the largest percentage of the nation’s workforce. Statistics among small firms and those weighted by the number of firms tend to have more variability.

Figure M.5: Distribution of Employers, Workers, and Workers Covered by Health Benefits, by Firm Size, 2022

Although most firms in the United States are small, most workers covered by health benefits are employed at large firms: 73% of the covered worker weight is controlled by firms with 200 or more employees. Conversely, firms with 3–199 employees represent 98% percent of the employer weight.

The survey asks firms what percentage of their employees earn more or less than a specified amount in order to identify the portion of a firm’s workforce that has relatively lower or higher wages. This year, the income threshold is Categorized Percent Of Workforce Earning $30,000 Or Less or less per year for lower-wage workers and Categorized Percent Of Workforce Earning $70,000 Or More or more for higher-wage workers. These thresholds are based on the 25th and 75th percentile of workers’ earnings as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics using data from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) (2020).⁹ The cutoffs were inflation-adjusted and rounded to the nearest thousand.

Annual inflation estimates are calculated as an average of the first three months of the year. The 12 month percentage change for this period was 8.0%.¹⁰ Data presented is nominal unless indicated specifically otherwise.

ROUNDING AND IMPUTATION

Some figures in the report do not sum to totals due to rounding. Although overall totals and totals for size and industry are statistically valid, some breakdowns may not be available due to limited sample sizes or high relative standard errors. Where the unweighted sample size is fewer than 30 observations, figures include the notation “NSD” (Not Sufficient Data). Estimates with high relative standard errors are reviewed and in some cases not published. Many breakouts by subsets may have a large standard error, meaning that even large differences between estimates are not statistically different. Values below 3% are not shown on graphical figures to improve the readability of those graphs. The underlying data for all estimates presented in graphs are available in the Excel documents accompanying each section on http://ehbs.kff.org/.

To control for item nonresponse bias, we impute values that are missing for most variables in the survey. On average, 14% of observations are imputed. All variables are imputed following a hotdeck approach. The hotdeck approach replaces missing information with observed values from a firm similar in size and industry to the firm for which data are missing. In 2022, there were sixty-nine variables where the imputation rate exceeded 20%; most of these cases were for individual plan level statistics. When aggregate variables were constructed for all of the plans, the imputation rate is usually much lower. There are a few variables that we have decided not to impute; these are typically variables where “don’t know” is considered a valid response option. Some variables are imputed based on their relationship to each other. For example, if a firm provided a worker contribution for family coverage but no premium information, a ratio between the family premium and family contribution was imputed and then the family premium was calculated. We estimate separate single and family coverage premiums for firms that provide premium amounts as the average cost for all covered workers.

To ensure data accuracy we have several processes to review outliers and illogical responses. Every year several hundred firms are called back to confirm or correct responses. In some cases, answers are edited based on responses to open-ended questions or based on established logic rules.

Figure M.6: Imputation Rates of Premiums, Worker Contributions, and Deductibles, by Plan Type, 2018-2022

WEIGHTING

Because we select firms randomly, it is possible through the use of weights to extrapolate the results to national (as well as firm size, regional, and industry) averages. These weights allow us to present findings based on the number of workers covered by health plans, the number of total workers, and the number of firms. In general, findings in dollar amounts (such as premiums, worker contributions, and cost sharing) are weighted by covered workers. Other estimates, such as the offer rate, are weighted by firms.

The employer weight was determined by calculating the firm’s probability of selection. This weight was trimmed of overly influential weights and calibrated to U.S. Census Bureau’s 2019 Statistics of U.S. Businesses for firms in the private sector, and the 2017 Census of Governments totals. The worker weight was calculated by multiplying the employer weight by the number of workers at the firm and then following the same weight adjustment process described above. The covered-worker weight and the plan-specific weights were calculated by multiplying the percentage of workers enrolled in each of the plan types by the firm’s worker weight. These weights allow analyses of all workers covered by health benefits and of workers in a particular type of health plan.

The trimming procedure follows the following steps: First, we grouped firms into size and offer categories of observations. Within each strata, we calculated the trimming cut point as the median plus six times the interquartile range (M + [6 * IQR]). Weight values larger than this cut point are trimmed. In all instances, very few weight values were trimmed.

To account for design effects, the statistical computing package R version 4.2.1 (2022-06-23 ucrt) and the library “survey” version 4.1.1 were used to calculate standard errors.

STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LIMITATIONS

All statistical tests are performed at the .05 confidence level. For figures with multiple years, statistical tests are conducted for each year against the previous year shown, unless otherwise noted. No statistical tests are conducted for years prior to 1999.

Statistical tests for a given subgroup are tested against all other firm sizes not included in that subgroup: For example, Northeast is compared to all firms NOT in the Northeast (an aggregate of firms in the Midwest, South, and West). However, statistical tests for estimates compared across plan types (for example, average premiums in PPOs) are tested against the “All Plans” estimate. In some cases, we also test plan-specific estimates against similar estimates for other plan types (for example, single and family premiums for HDHP/SOs against single and family premiums for HMO, PPO, and POS plans); these are noted specifically in the text. The two types of statistical tests performed are the t-test and the Wald test. The small number of observations for some variables resulted in large variability around the point estimates. These observations sometimes carry large weights, primarily for small firms. The reader should be cautioned that these influential weights may result in large movements in point estimates from year to year; however, these movements are often not statistically significant. Standard Errors for most key statistics are available in a technical supplement available at http://ehbs.kff.org/

Due to the complexity of many employer health benefits programs, this survey is not able to capture all the components of any particular plan. For example, many employers have complex and varied prescription drug benefits, premium contributions, and incentives for wellness programs. We attempted to complete interviews with the person who is most knowledgeable about the firm’s health benefits. In some cases, the firm may not know details of some elements of their plan. While we collect information on the number of workers enrolled in health benefits, the survey is not able to capture the characteristics of the workers offered or enrolled in any particular plan.

2022 SURVEY

In 2022, we incorporated the California Employer Health Benefits Survey (CHBS) from the California Health Care Foundation (CHCF) into EHBS by oversampling firms with any presence in California and including new questions into the main EHBS instrument to determine firms with any employment in the state of California. Unlike other years, the 2022 EHBS used as its panel both respondents to either of the prior two years of EHBS (2020 and 2021) and also respondents to either of the prior two years of CHBS (2018 and 2020). Since many larger firms operate across state lines, the integration of CHBS with EHBS aimed to reduce survey burden among firms that had previously responded to both surveys. Among the N=1,140 large firms responding to the 2022 EHBS, 419 of those responding firms (37%) had any presence in California, highlighting the overlap across these two projects. Given the size of the California oversample needed to assure statistical reliability both nationally and within California, firm weights were calibrated to California-specific targets from the SUSB.

In 2022, Davis extended computer assisted web interview (CAWI) capacity, offering most respondents the opportunity to complete the survey using an online questionnaire rather a telephone interview. Although only 1% of respondents used this survey mode during the initial 2021 attempt, 43% of 2022 survey respondents answered EHBS via CAWI. Neither premiums nor worker contributions differed across the two response modes.

OTHER RESOURCES

Additional information on the 2022 Employer Health Benefit Survey is available at http://ehbs.kff.org/, including an article in the Journal Health Affairs, an interactive graphic and historic reports. Standard errors for some statistics are available in the online technical supplement. Researchers may also request a public use dataset here: https://www.kff.org/contact-us/

The survey design and methods section found on our website (http://ehbs.kff.org/) contains an extended methods document that was not included in the portable document format (PDF) or the printed versions of this book. Readers interested in the extended methodology should consult the online edition of this publication.

Published: October 2022. Last Updated: October 23, 2022.

HISTORICAL DATA

Data in this report focus primarily on findings from surveys conducted and authored by KFF since 1999. Between 1999 and 2017, the Health Research & Educational Trust (HRET) co-authored this survey. HRET’s divestiture had no impact on our survey methods, which remain the same as years past. Prior to 1999, the survey was conducted by the Health Insurance Association of America (HIAA) and KPMG using a similar survey instrument, but data are not available for all the intervening years. Following the survey’s introduction in 1987, the HIAA conducted the survey through 1990, but some data are not available for analysis. KPMG conducted the survey from 1991-1998. However, in 1991, 1992, 1994, and 1997, only larger firms were sampled. In 1993, 1995, 1996, and 1998, KPMG interviewed both large and small firms. In 1998, KPMG divested itself of its Compensation and Benefits Practice, and part of that divestiture included donating the annual survey of health benefits to HRET.

This report uses historical data from the 1993, 1996, and 1998 KPMG Surveys of Employer-Sponsored Health Benefits and the 1999-2017 Kaiser/HRET Survey of Employer-Sponsored Health Benefits. For a longer-term perspective, we also use the 1988 survey of the nation’s employers conducted by the HIAA, on which the KPMG and KFF surveys are based. The survey designs for the three surveys are similar.

[Figure M.7] displays the historic sample sizes and weights of firms, workers, and covered workers (employees receiving coverage from their employer).

Figure M.7: Historic Firm Sample Sizes and Weights, 1999-2022

[Figure M.8] displays the historic sample frames and weighting universes.

Figure M.8: Sampling and Weighting Targets, 1999-2022

1999

The Kaiser Family Foundation and The Health Research and Educational Trust (Kaiser/HRET) began sponsoring the survey of employer-sponsored health benefits supported for many years by KPMG Peat Marwick LLP, an international consulting and accounting firm. In 1998, KPMG divested itself of its Compensation and Benefits Practice, and donated the annual survey of health benefits to HRET, a non-profit research organization affiliated with the American Hospital Association. From 1999 until 2017, the survey was conducted under a partnership between HRET and The Kaiser Family Foundation, a health care philanthropy and policy research organization that is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente or Kaiser Industries. Starting in 1999, survey continued a core set of questions from prior KPMG surveys, but was expanded to include small employers and a variety of policy-oriented questions. Some reports include data from the 1993, 1996 and 1998 KPMG Surveys of Employer-Sponsored Health Benefits. For a longer-term perspective, we also use the 1988 survey of the nation’s employers conducted by the Health Insurance Association of America (HIAA), on which the KPMG, Kaiser/HRET, and Kaiser Family Foundation surveys were based. Many of the questions in the HIAA, KPMG, Kaiser/HRET, and Kaiser Family Foundation surveys are identical, as is the sample design. Since Point-of-Service (POS) plans did not exist in 1988, reports do not include statistics for this plan type in that year. Starting in 1999, Kaiser/HRET drew its sample from a Dun & Bradstreet list of the nation’s private and public employers with three or more workers. To increase precision, Kaiser/HRET stratified the sample by industry and the number of workers in the firm. Kaiser/HRET attempted to repeat interviews with many of the 2,759 firms interviewed in 1998 and replaced non-responding firms with another firm from the same industry and firm size. As a result, 1,377 firms in the 1999 total sample of 1,939 firms participated in both the 1998 and 1999 surveys.

For more detail about the 1999 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2000

Kaiser/HRET attempted to repeat interviews with many of the 1,939 firms interviewed in 1999 and replaced non-responding firms with other firms of the same industry and firm size. As a result, 982 firms in the 2000 survey’s total sample of 1,887 firms participated in both the 1999 and 2000 surveys. The overall response rate was 45% down from 60% in 1999. Contributing to the declining response rate was the decision not to re-interview any firms with 3-9 workers who participated in the 1999 survey. In 1999, the survey weights had instead been adjusted to control for the fact that firms with 3-9 workers that are in the panel (responded in either 1998 or 1999) are biased in favor of offering a health plan. The response rate in 2000 for firms with 3-9 workers was 30%.

For more detail about the 2000 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2001

For more detail about the 2001 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2002

The list of imputed variables was greatly expanded in 2002 to also include self-insurance status, level of benefits, prescription drug cost-sharing, copay and coinsurance amounts for prescription drugs, and firm workforce characteristics such as average income, age and part-time status. On average, 2% of these observations are imputed for any given variable. The imputed values are determined based on the distribution of the reported values within stratum defined by firm size and region.

For more detail about the 2002 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2003

The calculation of the weights followed a similar approach to previous years, but with several notable changes in 2003. First, as in years past, the basic weight was determined, followed by a nonresponse adjustment added this year to reflect the fact that small firms that do not participate in the full survey are less likely to offer health benefits and, consequently, are unlikely to answer the single offer rate question. To make this adjustment, Kaiser/HRET conducted a follow-up survey of all firms with 3-49 workers that did not participate in the full survey. Each of these 1,744 firms was asked the single question, “Does your company offer or contribute to a health insurance program as a benefit to its employees?” The main difference between this follow-up survey and the original survey is that in the follow-up survey the first person who answered the telephone was asked whether the firm offered health benefits, whereas in the original survey the question was asked of the person who was identified as most knowledgeable about the firm’s health benefits. Conducting the follow-up survey accomplished two objectives. First, statistical techniques (a McNemar analysis which was confirmed by a chi-squared test) demonstrated that the change in method-speaking with the person answering the phone rather than a benefits manager-did not bias the results of the follow-up survey. Analyzing firms who responded to the offer question twice, in both the original and follow-up survey, proved that there was no difference in the likelihood that a firm offers coverage based on which employee answered the question about whether a firm offers health benefits. Second, the follow-up survey demonstrated that very small firms not offering health benefits to their workers are less likely to answer the one survey question about coverage. Kaiser/HRET analyzed the group of firms that only responded to the follow-up survey and performed a t-test between the firms who had responded to the initial survey as well as the follow-up, and those who only responded to the follow-up. Tests confirmed the hypothesis that the firms that did not answer the single offer rate question in the original survey were less likely to offer health benefits. To adjust the offer rate data for this finding an additional non-response adjustment was applied to increase the weight of firms in the sample that do not offer coverage. The second change to the weighting method in 2003 was to trim the weights in order to reduce the influence of weight outliers. On occasion one or two firms will, through the weighting process, represent a highly disproportionate number of firms or covered workers. Rather than excluding these observations from the sample, a set cut point that would minimize the variances of several key variables (such as premium change and offer rate) was determined. The additional weight represented by outliers is then spread among the other firms in the same sampling cell. Finally, a post-stratification adjustment was applied. In the past, Kaiser/HRET was poststratified back to the Dun & Bradstreet frequency counts. Concern over volatility of counts in recent years led to the use of an alternate source for information on firm and industry data. This year the survey uses the recently released Statistics of U.S. Businesses conducted by the U.S. Census as the basis for the post-stratification adjustment. These Census data indicate the percentage of the nation’s firms with 3-9 workers is 59% rather than the higher percentages (e.g., 76% in 2002) derived from Dun & Bradstreet’s national database. This change has little impact on worker-based estimates, since firms with 3-9 workers accounted for less than 10% of the nation’s workforce. The impact on estimates expressed as a percentage of employers (e.g., the percent of firms offering coverage), however, may be significant. Due to these changes, Kaiser/HRET recalculated the weights for survey years 1999-2002 and modified estimates published in the survey where appropriate. The vast majority of these estimates are not statistically different. However, please note that the survey data published starting in 2003 varies slightly from previously published reports.

For more detail about the 2003 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2004

For more detail about the 2004 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2005

In 2005, the Kaiser/HRET survey added two additional sections to the questionnaire to collect information about high-deductible health plans (HDHP) that are offered along with a health reimbursement account (HRA) or are health savings account (HSA) qualified. Questions in these sections were asked of all firms offering these plan types, regardless of enrollment. Specific weights were also created to analyze the HDHP plans that are offered along with HRAs or are HSA qualified. These weights represent the proportion of employees enrolled in each of these arrangements.

We updated our data to reflect the 2002 Census of Governments. We also removed federal government employee counts from our post-stratification.

For more detail about the 2005 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2006

For the first time in 2006, Kaiser/HRET asked questions about the highest enrollment HDHP/SO as a separate plan type, equal to the other plan types. In prior years, data on HDHP/SO plans were collected as part of one of the other types of plans. Therefore, the removal of HDHP/SOs from the other plan types may affect the year to year comparisons for the other plan types. Given the decline in conventional health plan enrollment and the addition of HDHP/SO as a plan type option, Kaiser/HRET eliminated nearly all questions pertaining to conventional coverage from the survey instrument. We continue to ask firms whether or not they offer a conventional health plan and, if so, how much their premium for conventional coverage increased in the last year, but respondents are not asked additional questions about the attributes of the conventional plans they offer. Because we have limited information about conventional health plans, we must make adjustments in calculating all plan averages or distributions. In cases where a firm offers only conventional health plans, no information from that respondent is included in all plan averages. The exception is for the rate of premium growth, for which we have information. If a firm offers a conventional health plan and at least one other plan type, for categorical variables we assign the values from the health plan with the largest enrollment (other than the conventional plan) to the workers in the conventional plan. In the case of continuous variables, covered workers in conventional plans are assigned the weighted average value of the other plan types in the firm.

The survey newly distinguished between plans that have an aggregate deductible amount in which all family members’ out-of-pocket expenses count toward the deductible and plans that have a separate amount for each family member, typically with a limit on the number of family members required to reach that amount.

In 2006, Kaiser/HRET began asking employers if they had a health plan that was an exclusive provider organization (EPO). We treat EPOs and HMOs together as one plan type and report the information under the banner of “HMO”; if an employer sponsors both an HMO and an EPO, they are asked about the attributes of the plan with the larger enrollment.

Kaiser/HRET made a slight change to one of the industry groups: we removed Wholesale from the group that also included Agriculture, Mining and Construction. The nine industry categories now reported are: Agriculture/Mining/Construction, Manufacturing, Transportation/Communications/Utilities, Wholesale, Retail, Finance, Service, State/Local Government, and Health Care.

Starting in 2006, we made an important change to the way we test the subgroups of data within a year. Statistical tests for a given subgroup (firms with 25-49 workers, for instance) are tested against all other firm sizes not included in that subgroup (all firm sizes NOT including firms with 25-49 workers in this example). Tests are done similarly for region and industry: Northeast is compared to all firms NOT in the Northeast (an aggregate of firms in the Midwest, South, and West). Statistical tests for estimates compared across plan types (for example, average premiums in PPOs) are tested against the “All Plans” estimate. In some cases, we also test plan specific estimates against similar estimates for other plan types (for example, single and family premiums for HDHP/SOs against single and family premiums in HMO, PPO, and POS plans). Those are noted specifically in the text. This year, we also changed the type of Chi-square test from the Chi-square test for goodness-of-fit to the Pearson Chi-square test. Therefore, in 2006, the two types of statistical tests performed are the t-test and the Pearson Chi-square test.

For more detail about the 2006 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2007

Kaiser/HRET drew its sample from a Survey Sampling Incorporated list (based on an original Dun and Bradstreet list) of the nation’s private and public employers with three or more workers.

In prior years, many variables were imputed following a hotdeck approach, while others followed a distributional approach (where values were randomly determined from the variable’s distribution, assuming a normal distribution). This year, all variables are imputed following a hotdeck approach. This imputation method does not rely on a normal distribution assumption and replaces missing values with observed values from a firm with similar characteristics, in this case, size and industry. Due to the low imputation rate for most variables, the change in methodology is not expected to have a major impact on the results. In some cases, due to small sample size, imputed outliers are excluded. There are a few variables that Kaiser/HRET has decided should not be imputed; these are typically variables where “don’t know” is considered a valid response option (for example, firms’ opinions about effectiveness of various strategies to control health insurance costs).

The survey now contains a few questions on employee cost sharing that are asked only of firms that indicate in a previous question that they have a certain cost-sharing provision. For example, the copayment amount for prescription drugs is asked only of those that report they have copayments for prescription drugs. Because the composite variables are reflective of only those plans with the provision, separate weights for the relevant variables were created in order to account for the fact that not all covered workers have such provisions.

For more detail about the 2007 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2008

National Research, LLC (NR), our Washington, D.C.-based survey research firm, introduced a new CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) system at the end of 2007, and, due to several delays in the field, obtained fewer responses than expected. As a result, an incentive of $50 was offered during the final two and a half weeks the survey was in the field. Kaiser/HRET compared the distribution of key variables between firms receiving the incentive and firms not receiving the incentive to determine any potential bias. Chi-square test results were not significant, suggesting minimal to no bias.

In 2008, we changed the method used to report the annual percentage premium increase. In prior years, the reported percentage was based on a series of questions that asked responding firms the percentage increase or decrease in premiums from the previous year to the current year for a family of four in the largest plan of each plan type (e.g., HMO, PPO). The reported premium increase was the average of the reported percentage changes (i.e., 6.1% for 2007) weighted by covered workers. This year, we calculate the overall percentage increase in premiums from year to year for family coverage using the average of the premium dollar amounts for a family of four in the largest plan of each plan type reported by respondents and weighted by covered workers (i.e., $12,106 for 2007 and $12,680 for 2008, an increase of 5%). A principal advantage of using the premium dollar amounts to calculate the annual change in premiums is that we are better able to capture changes in the cost of health insurance for those firms that are newly in the market or that change plan types, especially those that move to plans with very different premium levels. For example, in the first year that a firm offers a plan of a new plan type, such as a consumer-directed plan, the firm can report the level of the premium they paid, but using the previous method would be unable to report the rate of change from the previous year since the plan was not previously offered. If the premium for the new plan is relatively low compared to other premiums in the market, the relatively low premium amount that the firm reports will tend to lower the weighted average premium dollar amount reported in the survey, but the firm responses would not provide any information to the percentage premium increase question. Another advantage of using premium dollar amounts to examine trends is that these data directly relate to the other findings in the survey and better address a principal public policy issue (i.e., what was the change in the cost of insurance over some past period). Many users noted, for example, that the percentage change calculated from the reported premium dollar amounts between two years did not directly match the reported average premium increase for the same period. There are several reasons why we would not expect these questions to produce identical results: 1) they are separate questions subject to varying degrees of reporting error, 2) firms could report a premium dollar amount for a plan type they might not have offered in the previous year, therefore, contributing information to one measure but not the other, or 3) firms could report a premium dollar amount for a plan that was not the largest plan of that type in the previous year. Although the two approaches have generated similar results in terms of the long-term growth rate of overall family premiums, there are greater discrepancies in trends for subgroups like small employers and self-funded firms. Focusing on the dollar amount changes over time will provide a more reliable and consistent measure of premium change that also is more sensitive to firms offering new plan options.

As we have in past years, this year we collected information on the cost-sharing provisions for hospital admissions and outpatient surgery that is in addition to any general annual plan deductible. However, for the 2008 survey, we changed the structure of the question and now include “separate annual deductible or hospital admissions” as a response option rather than collecting the information through a separate question. We continue to examine and sometimes modify the questions on hospital and outpatient surgery cost sharing because this can be a complex component of health benefit plans. For example, for some plans it is difficult to distinguish a separate hospital deductible from one categorized as a general annual deductible, where office visits and preventive care are covered and the deductible only applies to hospital use. Because this continues to be a point of confusion, we continue to refine the series of questions in order to clearly convey the information we are attempting to collect from respondents.

As in 2007, we asked firms if they offer health benefits to opposite-sex or same-sex domestic partners. However, this year, we changed the response options because during early tests of the 2008 survey, several firms noted that they had not encountered the issue yet, indicating that the responses of “yes,” “no,” and “don’t know” were insufficient. Therefore, this year we added the response option “not applicable/not encountered” to better capture the number of firms that report not having a policy on the issue.

For more detail about the 2008 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2009

In the fall of 2008, with guidance from experts in survey methods and design from NORC, we reviewed the methods used for the survey. As a result of this review, several important modifications were made to the 2009 survey, including the sample design and questionnaire. For the first time, this year we determined the sample requirements based on the universe of firms obtained from the U.S. Census rather than Dun and Bradstreet. Prior to the 2009 survey, the sample requirements were based on the total counts provided by Survey Sampling Incorporated (SSI) (which obtains data from Dun and Bradstreet). Over the years, we have found the Dun and Bradstreet frequency counts to be volatile because of duplicate listings of firms, or firms that are no longer in business. These inaccuracies vary by firm size and industry. In 2003, we began using the more consistent and accurate counts provided by the Census Bureau’s Statistics of U.S. Businesses and the Census of Governments as the basis for post-stratification, although the sample was still drawn from a Dun and Bradstreet list. In order to further address this concern at the time of sampling, we now also use Census data as the basis for the sample. This change resulted in shifts in the sample of firms required in some size and industry categories.

This year, we also defined Education as a separate sampling category, rather than as a subgroup of the Service category. In the past, Education firms were a disproportionately large share of Service firms. Education is controlled for during post-stratification, and adjusting the sampling frame to also control for Education allows for a more accurate representation of both Education and Service industries.

In past years, both private and government firms were sampled from the Dun and Bradstreet database. For the 2009 sample, Government firms were sampled in-house from the 2007 Census of Governments. This change was made to eliminate the overlap of state agencies that were frequently sampled from the Dun and Bradstreet database. Each year the survey attempts to repeat interviews with respondents from past years (see “Response Rate” section below), and in order to maintain government firms that had completed the survey in the past (firms that have completed the survey in the past are known as panel firms), government firms from the 2008 survey were matched to the Census of Governments to identify phone numbers. All panel government firms were included in the sample (resulting in an oversample). In addition, the sample of private firms is screened for firms that are related to state/ local governments, and if these firms are identified in the Census of Governments, they are reclassified as government firms and a private firm is randomly drawn to replace the reclassified firm. These changes to the sample frame resulted in an expected slight reduction in the overall response rate, since there were shifts in the number of firms needed by size and industry. Therefore, the data used to determine the 2009 Employer Health Benefits sample frame include the U.S. Census’ 2005 Statistics of U.S. Businesses and the 2007 Census of Governments. At the time of the sample design (December 2008), these data represented the most current information on the number of public and private firms nationwide with three or more workers. As in the past, the post- stratification is based on the most up-to-date Census data available (the 2006 update to the Census of U.S. Businesses was purchased during the survey field period) and the 2007 Census of Governments. The Census of Governments is conducted every five years, and this is the first year the data from the 2007 Census of Governments have been available for use.

Based on recommendations from cognitive researchers at NORC and internal analysis of the survey instrument, a number of questions were revised to improve the clarity and flow of the survey in order to minimize survey burden. For example, in order to better capture the prevalence of combinations of inpatient and outpatient surgery cost sharing, the survey was changed to ask a series of yes or no questions. Previously, the question asked respondents to select one response from a list of types of cost sharing, such as separate deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, and per diem payments (for hospitalization only). We have also expanded the number of questions for which respondents can provide either the number of workers or the percentage of workers. Previously, after obtaining the total number of employees, the majority of questions asked about the percentage of workers with certain characteristics. Now, for questions such as the percentage of workers making $23,000 a year or less or the enrollment of workers in each plan type, respondents are able to respond with either the number or the percentage of workers. Few of these changes have had any noticeable impact on responses.

For more detail about the 2009 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2010

New topics in the 2010 survey include questions on eligibility for dependent coverage, coverage for care received at retail clinics, health plan changes as a result of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008, and disease management. As in past years, this year’s survey included questions on the cost of health insurance, offer rates, coverage, eligibility, enrollment patterns, premiums, employee cost sharing, prescription drug benefits, retiree health benefits, wellness benefits, and employer opinions.

Firms in the sample with 3-49 workers that did not complete the full survey are contacted and asked (or re-asked in the case of firms that previously responded to only one question about offering benefits) whether or not the firm offers health benefits. As part of the process, we conduct a McNemar test to verify that the results of the follow-up survey are comparable to the results from the original survey. If the test indicates that the results are comparable, a nonresponse adjustment is applied to the weights used when calculating firm offer rates. This year, for the first time since we began conducting the follow-up survey, the test indicated that the results from those answering the one question about offering health benefits in the original survey and those answering the follow-up survey were different (statistically significant difference at the p<0.05 level between the two surveys), suggesting the results are not comparable. Therefore, we did not use the results of this follow-up survey to adjust the weights as we have in the past. In the past, the nonresponse adjustment lowered the offer rate for smaller firms by one to three percentage points, so not making the adjustment this year makes the offer rate look somewhat higher when making comparisons to prior years. For 2010, we saw a very large and unexpected increase in the offer rate (from 60 percent in 2009 to 69 percent in 2010) overall and particularly for firms with 3 to 9 workers (from 46 percent in 2009 to 59 percent in 2010). While not making the adjustment this year added to the size of the change, there would have been a large and difficult to explain change even if a nonresponse adjustment comparable to previous years had been made.

For more detail about the 2010 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2011

New topics in the 2011 survey include questions on stoploss coverage for self-funded plans, cost sharing for preventive care, plan grandfathering resulting from the Affordable Care Act (ACA), and employer awareness of tax credits authorized under the ACA.

This year, we became aware that the way we have been using the data from the Census Bureau for calibration was incorrect and resulted in an over-count of the actual number of firms in the nation. Specifically, firms operating in more than one industry were counted more than once in computing the total firm count by industry, and firms with establishments were counted more than once in computing the total firm count by state (which affects the regional count). Because smaller firms are less likely to operate in more than one industry or state, the miscounts occurred largely for larger from sizes. The error affects only statistics that are weighted by the number of firms (such as the percent of firms offering health benefits or sponsoring a disease management plan). Statistics that are weighted by the number of workers or covered workers (such as average premiums, contributions, or deductibles) were not affected. We addressed this issue by proportionally distributing the correct national total count of firms within each firm size as provided by the U.S. Census Bureau across industry and state based on the observed distribution of workers. This effectively weights each firm within each category (industry or state) in proportion to its share of workers in that category. The end result is a synthetic count of firms across industry and state that sums to the national totals. Firm-weighted estimates resulting from this change show only small changes from previous estimates, because smaller firms have much more influence on national estimates. For example, the estimate of the percentage of firms offering coverage was reduced by about .05 percentage points in each year (in some years no change is evident due to rounding). Estimates of the percentage of large firms offering retiree benefits were reduced by a somewhat larger amount (about 2 percentage points). Historical estimates used in the 2011 survey release have been updated following this same process. As noted above, worker-weighted estimates from prior years were not affected by the miscount and remain the same.

For more detail about the 2011 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2012

New topics in the 2012 survey include the use of biometric screening, domestic partner benefits, and emergency room cost sharing. In addition, many of the questions on health reform included in the 2011 survey were retained, including stoploss coverage for self-funded plans, cost sharing for preventive care, and plan grandfathering resulting from the Affordable Care Act (ACA).

There are several variables in which missing data is calculated based on respondents’ answers to other questions (for example, when missing employer contributions to premiums is calculated from the respondent’s premium and the ratio of contributions to premiums). In 2012 the method to calculate missing premiums and contributions was revised; if a firm provides a premium for single coverage or family coverage, or a worker contribution for single coverage or family coverage, that information was used in the imputation. For example, if a firm provided a worker contribution for family coverage but no premium information, a ratio between the family premium and family contribution was imputed and then the family premium was calculated. In addition, in cases where premiums or contributions for both family and single coverage were missing, the hotdeck procedure was revised to draw all four responses from a single firm. The change in the imputation method did not make a significant impact on the premium or contribution estimates.

In 2012, the method for calculating the size of the sample was adjusted. Rather than using a combined response rate for panel and non-panel firms, separate response rates were used to calculate the number of firms to be selected in each strata. In addition, the mining stratum was collapsed into the agriculture and construction industry grouping. In sum, changes to the sampling method required more firms to be included and may have reduced the response rate in order to provide more balanced power within each strata.

To account for design effects, the statistical computing package R and the library package “survey” were used to calculate standard errors. All statistical tests are performed at the .05 level, unless otherwise noted. For figures with multiple years, statistical tests are conducted for each year against the previous year shown, unless otherwise noted. No statistical tests are conducted for years prior to 1999. In 2012 the method to test the difference between distributions across years was changed to use a Wald test which accounts for the complex survey design. In general this method was more conservative than the approach used in prior years.

In 2012, average coinsurance rates for prescription drugs, primary care office visits, specialty office visits, and emergency room visits include firms that have a minimum and/or maximum attached to the rate. In years prior to 2012 we did not ask firms the structure of their coinsurance rate. For most prescription drug tiers, and most services, the average coinsurance rate is not statically different depending on whether the plan has a minimum or maximum.

In 2012 the calculation of the response rates was adjusted to be slightly more conservative than previous years.

For more detail about the 2012 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2013

Starting in 2013, information on conventional plans was collected under the PPO section and therefore the covered worker weight was representative of all plan types.

For more detail about the 2013 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2014

Starting in 2014, we elected to estimate separate single and family coverage premiums for firms that provided premium amounts as the average cost for all covered workers, instead of differentiating between single and family coverage. This method more accurately accounted for the portion that each type of coverage contributes to the total cost for the 1 percent of covered workers who are enrolled at firms affected by this adjustment.

Several provisions of the ACA took effect on January 1, 2014 which impacted non-grandfathered plans as well as plans renewing in calendar year 2014, such as the requirement to have an out of pocket limit and a waiting period of not more than three months. As a result, firms with non-grandfathered plans that reported that they did not have out-of-pocket limits, or waiting periods exceeding three months, were contacted during our data-confirmation calls. We did not have information on the month in which a firm’s plan or plans was renewed. Many of these firms indicated that they had a plan year starting prior to January 2014, so these ACA provision were not yet in effect for these plans.

Firms with 200 or more workers were asked: “Does your firm offer health benefits for current employees through a private or corporate exchange? A private exchange is one created by a consulting firm or an insurance company, not by either a federal or state government. Private exchanges allow employees to choose from several health benefit options offered on the exchange.” Employers were still asked for plan information about their HMO, PPO, POS and HDHP/SO plan regardless of whether they purchased health benefits through a private exchange or not.

Beginning in 2014, we collected whether firms with a non-final disposition code (such as a firm that requested a callback at a later time or date) offered health benefits. By doing so we attempt to mitigate any potential non-response bias of firms either offering or not offering health benefits on the overall offer rate statistic.

For more detail about the 2014 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2015

To increase response rates, firms with 3-9 employees were offered an incentive of $75 in cash or as a donation to a charity of their choice to complete the full survey.

In 2015, weights were not adjusted using the nonresponse adjustment process described in previous years’ methods. As in past years, Kaiser/HRET conducted a small follow-up survey of those firms with 3 to 49 workers that refused to participate in the full survey. Based on the results of a McNemar test, we were not able to verify that the results of the follow-up survey were comparable to the results from the original survey. In 2010, the results of the McNemar test were also significant and we did not conduct a nonresponse adjustment.

The 2015 survey contains new information in several areas, including on wellness and biometric screening. In most cases, information reported in this section is not comparable with previous years’ findings. Data presented in the 2015 report reflect the firm’s benefits at the time they completed the interview. Some firms may report on a plan which took effect in the prior calendar year. Starting in 2015, firms were able to have a contribution and deductible in compliance with HSA requirements for the plan year.

Starting in 2015, employers were asked how many full-time equivalents they employed. In cases in which the number of full-time equivalents was relevant to the question, interviewer skip patterns may have depended on the number of FTEs.

In cases where a firm had multiple plans, they were asked about their strategies for containing the cost of specialty drugs for the plan with the largest enrollment.

Under the Affordable Care Act, non-grandfathered plans are required to have an out-of- pocket maximum. Non-grandfathered plans who indicated that they did not have an out of pocket maximum were asked to confirm whether their plan was grandfathered and whether that plan had an out-of-pocket maximum.

For more detail about the 2015 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2016

Between 2015 and 2016, we conducted a series of focus groups that led us to the conclusion that human resource and benefit managers at firms with between 20 and 49 employees think about health insurance premiums more similarly to benefit managers at smaller firms than larger firms. Therefore, starting in 2016, we altered the health insurance premium question pathway for firms with between 20-49 employees to match that of firms with 3-19 employees rather than firms with 50 or more employees. This change affected firms representing 8% of the total covered worker weight. We believe that these questions produce comparable responses and that this edit does not create a break in trend.

Starting in 2016, we made significant revisions to how the survey asks employers about their prescription drug coverage. In most cases, information reported in the Prescription Drug Benefits section is not comparable with previous years’ findings. First, in addition to the four standard tiers of drugs (generics, preferred, non-preferred, and lifestyle), we began asking firms about cost sharing for a drug tier that covers only specialty drugs. This new tier pathway in the questionnaire has an effect on the trend of the four standard tiers, since respondents to the 2015 survey might have previously categorized their specialty drug tier as one of the other four standard tiers. We did not modify the question about the number of tiers a firm’s cost-sharing structure has, but in cases in which the highest tier covered exclusively specialty drugs we reported it separately. For example, a firm with three tiers may only have copays or coinsurances for two tiers because their third tier copay or coinsurance is being reported as a specialty tier. Furthermore, in order to reduce survey burden, firms were asked about the plan attributes of only their plan type with the most enrollment. Therefore, in most cases, we no longer make comparisons between plan types. Lastly, prior to 2016, we required firms’ cost sharing tiers to be sequential, meaning that the second tier copay was higher than the first tier, the third tier was higher than the second, and the fourth was higher than the third. As drug formularies have become more intricate, many firms have minimum and maximums attached to their copays and coinsurances, leading us to believe it was no longer appropriate to assume that a firm’s cost sharing followed this sequential logic.

In cases where a firm had multiple plans, they were asked about their strategies for containing the cost of specialty drugs for the plan type with the largest enrollment. Between 2015 and 2016, we modified the series of ‘Select All That Apply’ questions regarding cost containment strategies for specialty drugs. In 2016, we elected to impute firms’ responses to these questions. We removed the option “Separate cost sharing tier for specialty drugs” and added specialty drugs as their own drug tier questionnaire pathway. We added question options on mail order drugs and prior authorization.

In 2016, we modified our questions about telemedicine to clarify that we were interested in the provision of health care services, and not merely the exchange of information, through telecommunication. We also added dependent and spousal questions to our health risk assessment question pathway.

For more detail about the 2016 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2017

While the Kaiser/HRET survey similar to other employer and household surveys has seen a general decrease in response rates over time, the decrease between the 2016 and 2017 response rates is not solely explained by this trend. In order to improve statistical power among sub-groups, including small firms and those with a high share of low income workers, the size of the sample was expanded from 5,732 in 2016 to 7,895 in 2017. As a result, the 2017 survey includes 204 more completes than the 2016 survey. While this generally increases the precision of estimates (for example, a reduction in the standard error for the offer rate from 2.2% to 1.8%), it has the effect of reducing the response rate. In 2017, non-panel firms had a response rate of 17%, compared to 62% for firms that had participated in one of the last two years.

To increase response rates, firms with 3-9 employees were offered an incentive for participating in the survey. A third of these firms were sent a $5 Starbucks gift card in the advance letter, a third were offered an incentive of $50 in cash or as a donation to a charity of their choice after completing the full survey, and a third of firms were offered no incentive at all. Our analysis does not show significant differences in responses to key variables among these incentive groups.

In 2017, weights were not adjusted using the nonresponse adjustment process described in previous years’ methods. As in past years, Kaiser/HRET conducted a small follow-up survey of those firms with 3-49 workers that refused to participate in the full survey. Based on the results of a McNemar test, we were not able to verify that the results of the follow-up survey were comparable to the results from the original survey. In 2010 and 2015, the results of the McNemar test were also significant and we did not conduct a nonresponse adjustment.

To reduce the length of survey, in several areas, including stoploss coverage for self-funded firms and cost sharing for hospital admissions, outpatient surgery, and emergency room visits, we revised the questionnaire to ask respondents about the attributes of their largest health plan rather than each plan type they may offer. This expands on the method we used for prescription drug coverage in 2016. Therefore, for these topics, aggregate variables represent the attributes of the firm’s largest plan type, and are not a weighted average of all of the firms plan types. In previous surveys, if a firm had two plan types, one with a copayment and one with a coinsurance for hospital admissions, the covered worker weight was allotted proportionally toward the average copayment and coinsurance based on the number of covered workers with either feature. With of this change, comparison among plans types is now a comparison of firms where any given plan type is the largest. The change only affects firms that have multiple plan types (58% of covered workers). After reviewing the responses and comparing them to prior years where we asked about each plan type, we find that the information we are receiving is similar to responses from previous years. For this reason, we will continue to report our results for these questions weighted by the number of covered workers in responding firms.

Starting in 2017, respondents were allowed to volunteer that their plans did not cover outpatient surgery or hospital admissions. Less than 1% of respondents indicated that their plan did not include coverage for these services. Cost sharing for hospital admissions, outpatient surgery and emergency room visits was imputed by drawing a firm similar in size and industry within the same plan type.

For more detail about the 2017 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2018

As in past years, we conducted a small follow-up survey of those firms with 3-49 workers that refused to participate in the full survey. Based on the results of a McNemar test, we were not able to verify that the results of the follow-up survey were comparable to the results from the original survey, and weights were not adjusted using the nonresponse adjustment process described in previous years’ methods. In 2010, 2015, and 2017, the results of the McNemar test were also significant and we did not conduct a nonresponse adjustment.

In light of a number of regulatory changes and policy proposals, we included new questions on the anticipated effects of the ACA’s individual mandate penalty repeal on the firm’s health benefits offerings, and the impact of the delay of the high cost plan tax, also known as the Cadillac tax, on the firm’s health benefits decisions. Also new in 2018 are questions asking about smaller firms’ use of level-funded premium plans, an alternative self-funding method with integrated stop loss coverage and a fixed monthly premium.

In 2018, we moved the battery of worker demographics questions from near the beginning of the survey to the end of the survey in an effort to improve the flow. There is no evidence that this move has impacted our survey findings and we will continue to monitor any suspected impacts.

The 2018 survey also expands on retiree health benefits questions, asking firms about cost reduction strategies, whether they contribute to the cost of coverage, and how retiree benefits are offered (e.g., through a Medicare Advantage contract, a traditional employer plan, private exchange, etc.).

Starting in 2018, we allowed respondents who did not know the combined maximum incentive or penalty an employee could receive for health screening and/or wellness and health promotion to answer a categorical question with specified ranges. This method is consistent with how we handle the percent of low-wage and high-wage workers at a firm. In 2018, 18% of respondents did not know the dollar value of the their incentive or penalty and 39% were able to estimate a range.

Starting in 2018, the survey began asking small firms who indicated that their plan was fully-insured whether the plan was level-funded. In a level-funded plan, employers make a set payment each month to an insurer or third party administrator which funds a reserve account for claims, administrative costs, and premiums for stop-loss coverage. These plans are often integrated and firms may not understand the complexities of the self-funded mechanisms underlying them. Some small employers who indicate that their plan is self-funded may also offer a plan that meets this definition. Respondents offering level funded plans were asked about any attachment points applying to enrollees. These firms were not less likely to answer this question, and including them doesn’t not substantially change the average. Prior to 2018, all firms reporting coverage as underwritten by an insurer were excluded from the stop-loss calculations.

The response option choices for the type of incentive or penalty for completing biometric screening or a health risk assessment changed from 2017 to 2018.

For more detail about the 2018 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2019

Starting in 2019, we discontinued a weighting adjustment informed by a follow-back survey of firms with 3-49 workers that refused to participate in the full survey. This adjustment was intended to reduce non-response bias in the offer rate statistic, under the assumption that firms that did not complete the survey were less likely to offer health benefits. The adjustment involves comparing the distribution of offering to non-offering firms in the full survey and the follow-back sample in the three smallest size categories (3-9, 10-24, 25-49). The adjustment is based on the differences between the two groups of firms and generally operates to adjust the weights of offering firms and non-offering firms to bring the counts closer together. However, if the distributions of the two groups differ to a statistically significant extent, we consider the follow-back survey to be a different population from the full survey and do not make any adjustment to the weights.

Although we cannot be sure of the reason, we are no longer witnessing the systematic upward bias on estimates for the offer rates of small firms that gave rise to the adjustment. Looking at the decade from 2010 to 2019, offer rates among firms responding to the follow-up survey have been higher for five of ten surveys. Firms with 3-49 employees responding to this follow-up survey have reported a higher offer rate than the full EHBS survey during the 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 surveys. An alternative way to measure non-response bias is to compare estimates throughout the fielding period.

In 2019, the percent of firms offering health benefit was similar in the last month of fielding to offer rates throughout the entire fielding period. Changes in both the survey methodology and the health insurance market have led us to become increasingly cautious about assuming that the follow back survey is a suitable proxy for the true population. Since 2014, we have collected offer rate information from firms before a final disposition is assigned. This method was introduced to reduce a bias in which firms who offer health benefits face a longer average survey than non-offering firms. This had the effect of increasing the percentage of firms for whom contact was made from whom we collected offer rate information. Additionally, we have also attempted to reduce non-response bias by increasing our data collection.

Recent changes in the marketplace also raise some concerns about the validity of the follow-back survey to be the basis for a weight adjustment. We have in recent years seen an increase in non-offering firms reporting that they are providing funds to employees to purchase non-group health insurance. We do not consider this to be an offer of health insurance by the firm, but we are concerned that the person who responds to the follow-back survey may not be able to make that distinction. The follow-back survey is a very simple set of questions asked to whoever answers the phone at a firm that refused to participate in the survey. In contrast, during the full-survey, we attempt to talk to the person most knowledgeable about health benefits, and the interviewers are trained to distinguish between types of benefit programs.

For 2019, making the weight adjustment would change offer rate statistic for all firms from 57% to 60%. Neither estimate is different than the 57% we reported last year (when the weight adjustment was not made because the statistical test indicated that the follow-back group was significantly different than the full survey group).

Starting in 2019, all presented calculations of out-of-pocket maximums strictly relied on an arithmetic average across all plans weighted by covered worker plan enrollment. In prior surveys, some figures (for example Figures 7.43, 7.45, and 7.46 in the 2018 report) were calculated based on the out-of-pocket maximum of the largest plan. This change did not meaningfully change any findings and ensured consistency within the out-of-pocket maximum section of the Employee Cost Sharing section.

For prescription drug coverage, similar to years past, if the firm reports that the worker pays the full cost for drugs on a particular tier and/or that the plan only offers access to a discount program, we do not consider this as offering covering for that drug tier. Starting this year, firms with multiple tiers that cover exclusively specialty drugs, were asked about the cost-sharing of the tier that is used most often. Cost-sharing for prescription drugs does not typically include mail order. Hospital, outpatient surgery and prescription drug cost-sharing was only asked of a firm’s largest plan type.

For 2019, we clarified the question that we use to ask firms whether or not they provide retiree health benefits; particularly, we added language that explicitly stated that firms that had terminated retiree health benefits but still has some retirees currently getting coverage, or that had current employees who will get retiree health coverage in the future, should answer yes to the question. We made this clarification in response to a large decline in the 2018 survey in the prevalence of retiree coverage (from 25% in 2017 to 18% in 2018). In the 2018 survey, we expressed concern that the then current public focus on public entities eliminating retiree benefits for future (not existing) retirees may be influencing the responses we were getting and said that we were going to add clarifying language to the survey question in future years.

For 2019, two open-ended questions were added to the survey in order to examine employer responses to the opioid crisis and obstacles preventing firms from adopting narrow network health plans. All responses to these questions were reviewed in a consistent manner by KFF staff to determine whether they could be recoded as an earlier multiple choice item, or if they could be sorted into new categories.

To increase participation in the final two weeks of the survey, a financial incentive was offered to firms with 3-9 employees, but only 6 firms that completed the survey within that time period qualified for the incentive. All respondents received a printed copy of the survey findings.

For more detail about the 2019 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2020

2020 was a challenging year both in administering the survey, as well as for many of our respondents who were scrambling to respond to the pandemic and the ensuing economic downturn. Our questionnaire was developed before the extent of the pandemic became apparent and the fielding period included response from both before and after. We asked respondents about their plans at the time of the interview, with approximately half of the responses (composing 50% of the covered worker weight) collected between January and March. The remaining interviews were completed before the middle of July. The survey is designed to track changes in benefit and cost between years and is not well suited to answer many of the important questions that emerged this year for a couple of reasons. Firstly, employers make decisions about their plans before the plan year begins. Premiums for self-funded employers are usually reported as the cost for a former worker to enroll in COBRA (deflated by an administrative fee) and do not reflect real-time spending. Many other plan features, including provider networks and cost-sharing, are set before a plan’s open enrollment period. We expect to learn more about how changes in benefits and utilization affected cost in the 2021 survey. Secondly, the month in which a respondent completes the survey is not random, the data collection firm completes interviews with larger panel firms first. We do not believe that these firms are similar to the non-panel firms that complete the survey later in the year. We believe these firms differ in ways which are not corrected for by weighting, which means we cannot look at how responses changed over the period to detect patterns of change. Thirdly, our sample is not sufficient to make many comparisons across fielding period. We plan to ask employers about changes to their plans and the impact of COVID-19 on their decision making in the 2021 survey.

In the summer of 2019, National Research LLC, which had conducted the Employer Health Benefit Survey since its inception, ceased operation. We engaged in a search to identify a new firm to conduct the 2020 survey and selected Davis Research LLC, based on their extensive experience in research on firms and establishments. While we believe that the sampling methodology, questionnaire and survey procedures were consistent between years, readers are strongly encouraged to consider “total survey error” when drawing conclusions about differences between statistics. Survey-adjusted standard errors (and statistical testing) measure uncertainty in estimates based on the sampling strategy, but do not measure biases that may be introduced through the data collection process such as interviewer or house effects. House effects refer to the impact of a data collection firm’s management and workflow processes on final statistics. We do not know how, or if at all, changing the data collection firm from National Research to Davis impacted estimates. Empirical studies of house effects vary greatly, with some reporting almost no impact and others observing significant differences in point estimates.

In order to minimize house effect impacts, we conducted extensive interview training with managers and interviewers at Davis, including sessions lead by interviewers with prior experience on the project. In addition, KFF pretested and observed interviews to verify that Davis’ quality assurance process was consistent with our understanding of how the survey had been conducted historically.

Starting in 2020, we limited the number of margins used to calibrate weights and adjust for non-response. Until 2019, our weighting procedure incorporated offer status, firm size, geographic region, and metropolitan status to adjust for unit nonresponse. Our 2020 weighting algorithm no longer relies on metropolitan vs. non-metropolitan as part of the non-response calculation. Separately, earlier surveys post-stratified each firm’s set of weights to industry, firm size, census division, and panel versus non-panel margins. Starting in 2020, we reduced this weight calibration to only industry and firm size controls. Finally, we collapsed industries in our 5,000+ employee firm size category, owing to the fact that many large businesses operate across multiple industries. All three of these changes were prompted by an increase in the number of calibration cells with low sample, which can result in individual firms with highly influential weights if not revised. Without this revision, some 2020 statistics would had been driven by a small number of firms with overly influential weights. Reducing the number of variables in these improves the stability of some published estimates. This issue arose in part due to the smaller number of completed interviews in 2020 relative to 2019.

Historically we measured the annual changes in workers’ wages and in inflation by comparing the values for April of the previous year and April of the current year. This year the labor market underwent significant disruptions in March and April as employers laid off and furloughed large numbers of workers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. A relatively high share of lower-wage workers were furloughed and laid off during these months, resulting in a high change in wages as measured from April to April. In response to this unprecedented change in the labor market, we have elected to change how we calculate workers wages and inflation. Beginning with our 2020 publication, we are now calculating the change in workers wages and inflation based on an average of the first quarter of each year. Using this method, workers wages increased 3.4% compared to 7.7% between April and April. And similarly inflation increased 2.1% compared to 0.3%. Prior to 2020, both methods produced very similar estimates.

For more detail about the 2020 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

2021

This year we made several changes to the survey questionnaire in order to reduce the length and burden of the survey; rather than asking benefit managers about the characteristics of up to four plan types, we asked for the premiums and deductibles of the largest two plan types and other cost information for only the largest. We now only ask about cost-sharing for prescription drugs, hospitalizations, outpatient surgery and office visits for the plan type with the most enrollment. This change mostly impacts the largest firms which are more likely to sponsor multiple plan types. As in prior years, if a firm sponsors multiple plans, of the same plan type, for example, several PPOs across the country, we ask about only the one with the most enrollment. In 2021, 13% of respondents offered three or more plan types – in total the largest plan type accounts for 82% of workers covered by health benefits and the largest two plan types represents 98%. For this reason, this change will only have a minimal impact on most estimates. Furthermore, in prior years we observed no systematic bias in key metrics across the plan type rank at each firm. For example, in 2020, among firms with three or more plan types, the third-largest plan had statistically similar premiums and deductibles to the larger plan types on average. This change did not require a change in how many of the the all firm variables are calculated. To determine the all plan value for categorical variables describing plans, we continue to use the largest type as a proxy. To do so, we identify the plan type that has the largest enrollment within the observation and use data from that plan as a proxy for the all-plan aggregate for that firm. For example, in previous years, we would ask an employer whether their HMO, PPO, POS and HDHP/SO were self-funded, and then report the response from largest plan type as the all firm response.

For the first time, a subset of employers were invited to complete the survey online, though in total 99% of the interviews were completed through computer-assisted telephone interviewing.

For more detail about the 2021 survey, see the Survey Methodology section of that year’s report.

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6. HDHP/SO includes high-deductible health plans with a deductible of at least $1,000 for single coverage and $2,000 for family coverage and that offer either a Health Reimbursement Arrangement (HRA) or a Health Savings Account (HSA). Although HRAs can be offered along with a health plan that is not an HDHP, the survey collected information only on HRAs that are offered along with HDHPs. For specific definitions of HDHPs, HRAs, and HSAs, see the introduction to Section 8.↩︎
7. Response rate estimates are calculated by dividing the number of completes over the number of refusals and the fraction of the firms with unknown eligibility to participate estimated to be eligible. Firms determined to be ineligible to complete the survey are not included in the response rate calculation.↩︎
8. Estimates presented in [Figure 2.1], [Figure 2.2], [Figure 2.3], [Figure 2.4], [Figure 2.5], [Figure 2.6], and [Figure 2.7] are based on the sample of both firms that completed the entire survey and those that answered just one question about whether they offer health benefits.↩︎
9. General information on the OES can be found at http://www.bls.gov/oes/oes_emp.htm#scope.↩︎
10. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mid-Atlantic Information Office. Consumer Price Index historical tables for, U.S. city average (1967 = 100) of annual inflation [Internet]. Washington (DC): BLS; [cited 2022 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/data/consumerpriceindexhistorical1967base_us_table.htm↩︎

The average annual premiums in 2022 are $7,911 for single coverage and $22,463 for family coverage. These amounts are similar to the premiums in 2021 ($7,739 for single coverage and $22,221 for family coverage). The average family premium has increased 20% since 2017 and 43% since 2012.

This graphing tool allows users to look at changes in premiums and worker contributions for covered workers at different types of firms over time: https://www.kff.org/interactive/premiums-and-worker-contributions/

PREMIUMS FOR SINGLE AND FAMILY COVERAGE

• The average premium for single coverage in 2022 is $7,911 per year. The average premium for family coverage is $22,463 per year [Figure 1.1].
• The average annual premium for single coverage for covered workers in small firms ($8,012) is similar to the average premium for covered workers in large firms ($7,873). The average annual premium for family coverage for covered workers in small firms ($22,186) is similar to the average premium for covered workers in large firms ($22,564). [Figure 1.3].
• The average annual premiums for covered workers in HDHP/SOs are lower than the average premiums for coverage overall for both single coverage ($7,288 vs. $7,911) and family coverage ($21,136 vs. $22,463). The average premiums for covered workers in PPOs are higher than the overall average premiums for both single coverage ($8,272 vs. $7,911) and family coverage ($23,426 vs. $22,463) [Figure 1.1].
• The average premiums for covered workers with either single or family coverage are relatively higher in the Northeast and relatively lower in the South [Figure 1.4].
• The average premium for family coverage for covered workers in the the Transportation/Communications/Utilities categories is higher than the average single premium for covered workers in other industries [Figure 1.5].
• The average premiums for covered workers in firms with a relatively large share of lower-wage workers (where at least 35% of the workers earn $30,000 annually or less) are lower than the average premium for covered workers in firms with a smaller share of lower-wage workers for both single coverage ($7,267 vs. $7,973) and family coverage ($20,211 vs. $22,681) [Figure 1.6] and [Figure 1.7].
• The average annual premium for single coverage for covered workers in private for-profit firms is lower than the average annual premium for covered workers in other firms. The average annual premium for covered workers in private not-for-profit firms is higher than average annual premium for covered workers in other firms [Figure 1.6] and [Figure 1.7].
• Average premiums vary with the distribution of ages of workers within firms.
• The average annual premiums for covered workers in firms with a relatively large share of younger workers (where at least 35% of the workers are age 26 or younger) are lower than the average premium for covered workers in firms with a smaller share of younger workers for single coverage ($7,341 vs. $7,978) [Figure 1.6] and [Figure 1.7].
• The average annual premiums for covered workers in firms with a relatively large share of older workers (where at least 35% of the workers are age 50 or older) are higher than the average premium for covered workers in firms with a smaller share of older workers for both single coverage ($8,252 vs. $7,579) and family coverage ($23,197 vs. $21,748). [Figure 1.6] and [Figure 1.7].

Figure 1.1: Average Annual Premiums for Covered Workers, Single and Family Coverage, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 1.2: Average Annual Premiums for Covered Workers, Single and Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 1.3: Average Monthly and Annual Premiums for Covered Workers, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2022

Figure 1.4: Average Monthly and Annual Premiums for Covered Workers, by Plan Type and Region, 2022

Figure 1.5: Average Monthly and Annual Premiums for Covered Workers, by Plan Type and Industry, 2022

Figure 1.6: Average Annual Premiums for Covered Workers With Single Coverage, by Firm Characteristics, 2022

Figure 1.7: Average Annual Premiums for Covered Workers With Family Coverage, by Firm Characteristics, 2022

Figure 1.8: Average Annual Premiums for Covered Workers, by Firm Characteristics and Firm Size, 2022

PREMIUM DISTRIBUTION

• There remains considerable variation in premiums for both single and family coverage.
• Eighteen percent of covered workers are employed in a firm with a single premium at least 20% higher than the average single premium, while 23% of covered workers are in firms with a single premium less than 80% of the average single premium [Figure 1.9].
• For family coverage, 19% of covered workers are employed in a firm with a family premium at least 20% higher than the average family premium, while 22% of covered workers are in firms with a family premium less than 80% of the average family premium [Figure 1.9].
• Thirteen percent of covered workers are in a firm with an average annual premium of at least $10,000 for single coverage [Figure 1.10]. Eleven percent of covered workers are in a firm with an average annual premium of at least $29,000 for family coverage [Figure 1.11].

Figure 1.9: Distribution of Annual Premiums for Single and Family Coverage Relative to the Average Annual Single or Family Premium, 2022

Figure 1.10: Distribution of Annual Premiums for Covered Workers With Single Coverage, 2022

Figure 1.11: Distribution of Annual Premiums for Covered Workers With Family Coverage, 2022

PREMIUM CHANGES OVER TIME

• The average premiums for single and family coverage are similar to the premiums from last year [Figure 1.12].
• The average premium for single coverage has grown 18% since 2017, similar to the growth in the average premium for family coverage (20%) over the same period [Figure 1.12].
• The $22,463 average family premium in 2022 is 20% higher than the average family premium in 2017 and 43% higher than the average family premium in 2012. The 20% family premium growth in the past five years is similar to the 19% growth between 2012 and 2017 [Figure 1.15].
• The average family premium has grown faster since 2017 for covered workers in small firms as compared to covered workers in large firms (26% for small firms and 17% for large firms). For small firms, the average family premium rose from $17,615 in 2017 to $22,186 in 2022. For large firms, the average family premium rose from $19,235 in 2017 to $22,564 in 2022 [Figure 1.13].
• The average family premium has grown at a similar rate since 2012 for covered workers in small firms as compared to covered workers in large firms (45% in small firms and 41% in large firms). In small firms, the average family premium rose from $15,253 in 2012 to $22,186 in 2022. In large firms, the average family premium rose from $15,980 in 2012 to $22,564 in 2022 [Figures 1.13].
• For covered workers in large firms, over the past five years, the average family premium in firms that are fully insured has grown at a similar rate to the average family premium for covered workers in fully or partially self-funded firms (13% for fully insured plans and 18% for self-funded firms) [Figure 1.14].
• The average family premium in 2022 is similar to the average family premium in 2021, which compares to a substantial jump in inflation between the first three months of 2021 and the same period in 2022, 8%. This significant jump in inflation brings the growth in the average premium for family coverage over the last 5 years much closer to the rate of inflation over the same period (20% vs. 17%). The growth in the average premium for family coverage still outpaces the rate of inflation over the last ten years (43% vs. 25%) [Figure 1.15].

Figure 1.12: Average Annual Premiums for Single and Family Coverage, 1999-2022

Figure 1.13: Average Annual Premiums for Covered Workers With Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

Figure 1.14: Among Workers in Large Firms, Average Annual Premiums for Family Coverage, by Funding Arrangement, 1999-2022

Figure 1.15: Cumulative Premium Increases, Inflation, and Earnings for Covered Workers With Family Coverage, 2002-2022

While nearly all large firms (200 or more workers) offer health benefits to at least some workers, small firms (3-199 workers) are significantly less likely to do so. The percentage of all firms offering health benefits in 2022 (51%) is lower than the the percentage of firms offering health benefits last year (59%) but similar to the percentage five years ago (53%).

A majority of firms are very small, so the considerable fluctuation we see across years in the offer rate for these small firms drives the overall offer rate. Most workers, however, work for larger firms, where offer rates are high and much more stable. Over ninety percent (93%) of firms with 50 or more workers offers health benefits in 2022; this percentage has remained consistent over the last 10 years. Overall, 89% of workers employed in firms with 3 or more workers are employed at a firm that offers healh benefits to at least some of its workers.

Small firms not offering health benefits say that “the cost of insurance is too high” and that “the firm is too small” are the most important reasons they do not offer coverage. Almost all (95%) firms that offer coverage offer both single and family coverage.

FIRM OFFER RATES

• In 2022, 51% of firms offer health benefits, lower than the percentage last year [Figure 2.1].
• The smallest-sized firms are least likely to offer health insurance: 39% of firms with 3-9 workers offer coverage, compared to 58% of firms with 10-24 workers, 73% of firms with 25-49 workers, and 91% of firms with 50-199 workers [Figure 2.3]. Since most firms in the country are small, variation in the overall offer rate is driven largely by changes in the percentages of the smallest firms (3-9 workers) offering health benefits [Figure 2.4]. For more information on the distribution of firms in the country, see the Survey Design and Methods Section and [Figure M.5].
• Only 47% of firms with 3-49 workers offer health benefits to at least some of their workers, compared to 93% of firms with 50 or more workers [Figure 2.5].
• Because most workers are employed by larger firms, most workers work at a firm that offers health benefits to at least some of its employees. Eighty-nine percent of all workers are employed by a firm that offers health benefits to at least some of its workers [Figure 2.6].

Figure 2.1: Percentage of Firms Offering Health Benefits, 1999-2022

Figure 2.2: Percentage of Firms Offering Health Benefits, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

Figure 2.3: Percentage of Firms Offering Health Benefits, by Firm Size, Region, and Industry, 2022

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5: Percentage of Firms Offering Health Benefits to at Least Some of Their Workers, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 2.6: Percentage of Workers at Firms That Offer Health Benefits to at Least Some Workers, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

SPOUSAL SURCHARGES

Among firms offering health benefits, the vast majority extend that offer to dependents [Figure 2.7]. Some employers place conditions on the ability of dependent spouses to enroll in a health plan if the spouse is offered health insurance from another source, such as his or her own place of work.

• Among firms offering health benefits to spouses, 71% say that an employee’s spouse is able to enroll in the employee’s health plan even if the spouse is offered coverage from another source, 14% say the spouse can enroll subject to some conditions (for example, the type of coverage offered), and 16% say that the spouse is not eligible to enroll [Figure 2.8].
• Among firms offering coverage (with or without conditions) to spouses with access to other coverage, 5% require such spouses to pay more if they enroll than spouses without access to other coverage, such as a higher premium contribution or higher cost sharing [Figure 2.10].
• Firms with 1,000 or more employees are more likely to have restrictions or assess higher costs to spouses with access to other coverage [Figure 2.9].

Figure 2.7: Percentage of Firms Offering Health Benefits Which Offer Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 2.8: Percent of Firms Offering Spousal Coverage Which Restrict Spouses’ Eligibility If They Have an Offer From Another Source, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 2.9: Among Large Firms That Offer Spousal Coverage, Spouses’ Eligibility If They Have an Offer From Another Source, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 2.10: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits to Spouses, Firm’s Approach to Spousal Coverage If Employee’s Spouse Is Offered Coverage From Another Source, by Firm Size, 2014-2022

PART-TIME WORKERS

Among firms offering health benefits, relatively few offer benefits to their part-time workers.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) defines full-time workers as those who on average work at least 30 hours per week, and part-time workers as those who on average work fewer than 30 hours per week. The employer shared responsibility provision of the ACA requires that firms with at least 50 full-time equivalent employees offer most full-time employees coverage that meets minimum standards or be assessed a penalty.¹¹

Beginning in 2015, we modified the survey to explicitly ask employers whether they offered benefits to employees working fewer than 30 hours. Our previous question did not include a definition of “part-time”. For this reason, historical data on part-time offer rates are shown, but we did not test whether the differences between 2014 and 2015 were significant. Many employers may work with multiple definitions of part-time; one for their compliance with legal requirements and another for internal policies and programs.

• Twenty-six percent of large firms that offer health benefits in 2022 offer health benefits to part-time workers, lower than the percentage in 2021 [Figure 2.11]. The share of large firms offering health benefits to part-time workers increases with firm size [Figure 2.12].

Figure 2.11: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage That Offer to Part-Time Workers, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

Figure 2.12: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage That Offer to Part-Time Workers, by Firm Size, 2022

ASSISTING EMPLOYEES TO PURCHASE COVERAGE IN THE NON-GROUP MARKET

Some employers provide funds to some or all of their employees to help them purchase coverage in the individual (“non-group”) market. Employers that do not otherwise offer health benefits may do this as an alternative to offering a group plan, or employers that offer a group plan to some employees may use this approach for some types or classes of workers, such as part-time employees. One way an employer can provide tax-preferred assistance for employees to purchase non-group coverage is through an Individual Coverage Health Reimbursement Arrangement, or ICHRA. Both employers that offer and those that do not offer health benefits were asked if they provide funds to any employee to purchase non-group coverage.

• Eleven percent of firms offering health benefits and 7% of firms not offering health benefits offer funds to one or more of their employees to purchase non-group coverage in 2022 [Figure 2.14] and [Figure 2.15].
• Among small firms not offering health benefits, 7% offer funds to one or more of their employees to purchase non-group coverage, the same percentage (7%) as last year [Figure 2.14].
• Among all firms (offering and not offering health benefits) that do not offer funds to any employees to purchase non-group coverage in 2022, only 3% are “very likely” and an additional 9% are “somewhat likely” to offer an ICHRA to at least some employees in the next two years.

Figure 2.13: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Provide Workers Funds to Purchase Non-Group Insurance, Such As Through an ICHRA, Firm Size, 2022

Figure 2.14: Among Small Firms Not Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Provide Workers Funds to Purchase Non-Group Insurance, by Firm Size, 2012-2022

Figure 2.15: Among Small Firms Not Offering Health Benefits, How Likely Is Firm to Offer an ICHRA in the Next Two Years, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 2.16: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, How Likely Is Firm to Offer an ICHRA in the Next Two Years, by Firm Size, 2022

FIRMS NOT OFFERING HEALTH BENEFITS

• The survey asks firms that do not offer health benefits several questions, including whether they have offered insurance or shopped for insurance in the recent past, their most important reasons for not offering coverage, and their opinion on whether their employees would prefer an increase in wages or health insurance if additional funds were available to increase their compensation. Because such a small percentage of large firms report not offering health benefits, we present responses for small non-offering firms only.
• The “firm is too small” and the “cost of insurance is too high” are the most common reasons small firms cite for not offering health benefits. Among small firms asked about the most important reason for not offering health benefits, 31% say the “firm is too small”, 28% say the cost of insurance is too high, 18% say their “employees are covered under another plan, including coverage on a spouse’s plan” and 6% say their employees are not intetested. Few small firms indicate that they do not offer because they believe employees will get a better deal on the health insurance exchanges (3%) [Figure 2.17].
• Some small non-offering firms have either offered health insurance in the past five years or shopped for health insurance in the past year.
• Twelve percent of small non-offering firms have offered health benefits in the past five years, similar to than the percentage reported last year [Figure 2.18].
• Thirteen percent of small non-offering firms have shopped for coverage in the past year, similar to the percentage last year (10%) [Figure 2.18].
• Among small non-offering firms that report they stopped offering coverage within the past five years, 20% stopped offering coverage within the past year.
• Seventy-nine percent of small firms not offering health benefits believed that their employees would prefer a two dollar per hour increase in wages rather than health insurance. [Figure 2.19].

Figure 2.17: Among Small Firms Not Offering Health Benefits, Most Important Reason for Not Offering, 2022

Figure 2.18: Among Small Firms Not Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Report the Following Actions, 2009-2022

Figure 2.19: Among Small Firms Not Offering Health Benefits, Firms’ View of Employees’ Preference for Higher Wages or Health Insurance Benefits, 2003-2022

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11. Internal Revenue Code. 26 U.S. Code § 4980H – Shared responsibility for employers regarding health coverage. 2011. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title26/pdf/USCODE-2011-title26-subtitleD-chap43-sec4980H.pdf↩︎

Employers are the principal source of health insurance in the United States, providing health benefits for almost 159 million nonelderly people.¹² Most workers are offered health coverage at work, and most of the workers who are offered coverage take it. Workers may not be covered by their own employer for several reasons: their employer may not offer coverage, they may not be eligible for the benefits offered by their firm, they may elect to receive coverage from another source (such as through their spouse’s employer), or they may just refuse the offer of coverage from their firm. In 2022, 60% of workers in firms offering health benefits are covered by their own firm, similar to the percentages last year, five years ago and ten years ago.

ELIGIBILITY

• Even in firms that offer health benefits, some workers may not be eligible to participate.¹³ Many firms, for example, do not offer coverage to part-time or temporary workers. Among workers in firms offering health benefits in 2022, 78% are eligible to enroll in the benefits offered by their firm, similar to the percentages last year, five years ago, and 10 years ago, for both small and large firms [Figures 3.1 and 3.2].
• Eligibility varies considerably by firm wage level. Workers in firms with a relatively large share of lower-wage workers (where at least 35% of workers earn $30,000 a year or less) have a lower average eligibility rate than workers in firms with a smaller share of lower-wage workers (68% vs. 80%) [Figure 3.6].
• Workers in firms with a relatively large share of higher-wage workers (where at least 35% earn $70,000 or more annually) have a higher average eligibility rate than workers in firms with a smaller share of higher-wage workers (87% vs. 72%) [Figure 3.6].
• Eligibility also varies by the age of the workforce. Those in firms with a relatively small share of younger workers (where fewer than 35% of the workers are age 26 or younger) have a higher average eligibility rate than those in firms with a larger share of younger workers (81% vs. 64%). Those in firms with a relatively large share of older workers (where more than 35% of the workers are age 50 or older) have a higher average eligibility rate than those in firms with a smaller share of older workers (83% vs. 75%) [Figure 3.6].
• Workers in public firms have a higher average eligibility rate (83%) than workers in private for-profit firms (79%) and private not-forprofit firms (76%) [Figure 3.6].
• Eligibility rates vary considerably for workers in different industries. The average eligibility rate remains particularly low for workers in retail firms (55%) [Figure 3.3].

Figure 3.1: Eligibility, Take-Up, and Coverage Rates for Workers in Firms Offering Health Benefits, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

Figure 3.2: Eligibility and Coverage Rates for Workers in Firms Offering Health Benefits, 1999-2022

Figure 3.3: Eligibility, Take-Up, and Coverage Rates in Firms Offering Health Benefits, by Firm Size, Region, and Industry, 2022

Figure 3.4: Eligibility, Take-Up, and Coverage Rates in Firms Offering Health Benefits, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 3.5: Among Workers at Small Firms, Eligibility for Workers at Their Own Firms, 1999-2022

Figure 3.6: Among Workers in Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Workers Eligible for Health Benefits Offered by Their Firm, by Firm Characteristics, 2022

TAKE-UP RATE

• Seventy-seven percent of eligible workers take up coverage when it is offered to them, similar to the percentage last year [Figure 3.1].¹⁴
• Eligible workers in small firms have a lower average take up rate than those in larger firms (73% vs. 78%) [Figure 3.8].
• The likelihood of a worker accepting a firm’s offer of coverage varies by firm wage level. Eligible workers in firms with a relatively large share of lower-wage workers have a lower average take up rate than eligible workers in firms with a smaller share of lower-wage workers (71% vs. 78%) [Figure 3.7].
• Eligible workers in firms with a relatively large share of higher-wage workers have a higher average take up rate than those in firms with a smaller share of higher-wage workers (82% vs. 73%) [Figure 3.7].
• The likelihood of a worker accepting a firm’s offer of coverage also varies with the age distribution of the workforce. Eligible workers in firms with a relatively large share of younger workers have a lower average take up rate than those in firms with a smaller share of younger workers (69% vs. 78%) [Figure 3.7].
• Eligible workers in private, for-profit firms have a lower average take up rate (75%) and eligible workers in public firms have a higher average take up rate (86%) than workers in other firm types [Figure 3.7].
• Eligible workers in firms with some union workers have a higher average take up rate (81%) than eligible workers in firms with no union workers (75%) [Figure 3.7].
• The average percentages of eligible workers taking up benefits in offering firms also varies across industries [Figure 3.3].
• The share of eligible workers taking up benefits in offering firms (77%) is similar to the share in 2017 (78%) but lower than the share in 2012 (81%) [Figure 3.1].

Figure 3.7: Among Workers in Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Eligible Workers Who Take Up Health Benefits Offered by Their Firm, by Firm Characteristics, 2022

Figure 3.8: Among Workers in Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Eligible Workers Who Take Up Health Benefits Offered by Their Firm, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

COVERAGE

• In 2022, the percentage of workers at firms offering health benefits covered by their firm’s health plan is 60%, similar to the percentage last year [Figure 3.1] and [Figure 3.2].
• The coverage rate at firms offering health benefits is similar for small firms and large firms in 2022. These rates are similar to the rates last year for both small firms and large firms [Figure 3.1] and [Figure 3.3].
• There is significant variation by industry in the coverage rate among workers in firms offering health benefits. The average coverage rate is particularly low in the retail industry (35%) [Figure 3.3].
• There also is variation by firm wage levels. Among workers in firms offering health benefits, those in firms with a relatively large share of lower-wage workers are less likely to be covered by their own firm than workers in firms with a smaller share of lower-wage workers (49% vs. 62%). A similar pattern exists in firms with a relatively large share of higher-wage workers, with workers in these firms being more likely to be covered by their employer’s health benefits than those in firms with a smaller share of higher-wage workers (71% vs. 53%) [Figure 3.9].
• The age distribution of workers is also related to variation in coverage rates. Among workers in firms offering health benefits, those in firms with a relatively small share of younger workers are more likely to be covered by their own firm than those in firms with a larger share of younger workers (63% vs. 44%). Similarly, workers in offering firms with a relatively large share of older workers are more likely to be covered by their own firm than those in firms with a smaller share of older workers (66% vs. 56%) [Figure 3.9].
• Among workers in firms offering health benefits, those working in public firms are more likely than workers in other firm types to be covered by their own firm [Figure 3.9].
• Among workers in all firms, including those that offer and those that do not offer health benefits, 54% are covered by health benefits offered by their employer, similar to the percentages last year (56%) and five years ago (55%) [Figure 3.10].

Figure 3.9: Among Workers in Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Workers Covered by Health Benefits Offered by Their Firm, by Firm Characteristics, 2022

Figure 3.10: Percentage of Workers Covered by Their Firm’s Health Benefits, 1999-2022

Figure 3.11: Percentage of All Workers Covered by Their Firm’s Health Benefits, Both in Firms Offering and Not Offering Health Benefits, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

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12. Estimate from KFF’s analysis of American Community Survey. Health insurance coverage of the nonelderly 0–64 [Internet]. San Francisco (CA): KFF; 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 12]. Available from: https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/nonelderly-0-64/↩︎
13. See Section 2 for part-time and temporary worker offer rates.↩︎
14. In 2009, we began weighting the percentage of workers that take up coverage by the number of workers eligible for coverage. The historical take-up estimates have also been updated. See the Survey Design and Methods section for more information.↩︎

Most firms that offer health benefits offer only one type of health plan (75%). Large firms (200 or more workers) are more likely than small firms (3-199 workers) to offer more than one plan type.

NUMBER OF PLAN TYPES OFFERED

• In 2022, 75% of firms offering health benefits offer only one type of health plan. Large firms are more likely than small firms to offer more than one plan type (57% vs. 24%) [Figure 4.1].
• Sixty-one percent of covered workers are employed in a firm that offers more than one type of health plan. Seventy percent of covered workers in large firms are employed by a firm that offers more than one plan type, compared to 37% of covered workers in small firms [Figure 4.2].
• Sixty-eight percent of covered workers in firms offering health benefits work in firms that offer one or more PPOs; 59% work in firms that offer one or more HDHP/SOs; 19% work in firms that offer one or more HMOs; 10% work in firms that offer one or more POS plans; and 2% work in firms that offer one or more conventional plans [Figure 4.4].
• Among covered workers in firms offering only one type of health plan, 55% are in firms that only offer PPOs and 24% are in firms that only offer HDHP/SOs [Figure 4.5].

Figure 4.1: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Offer One, Two, or Three or More Plan Types, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 4.2: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Covered Workers in Firms Offering One, Two, or Three or More Plan Types, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 4.3: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Offer the Following Plan Types, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 4.4: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Covered Workers in Firms That Offer the Following Plan Types, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 4.5: Among Firms Offering Only One Type of Health Plan, Percentage of Covered Workers in Firms That Offer the Following Plan Type, by Firm Size, 2022

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The survey collects information on a firm’s plan with the largest enrollment in each of the plan types. While we know the number of plan types a firm has, we do not know the total number of plans a firm offers workers. In addition, firms may offer different types of plans to different workers. For example, some workers might be offered one type of plan at one location, while workers at another location are offered a different type of plan.

HMO is a health maintenance organization. The survey defines an HMO as a plan that does not cover non-emergency out-of-network services.

PPO is a preferred provider organization. The survey defines PPOs as plans that have lower cost sharing for in-network provider services, and do not require a primary care gatekeeper to screen for specialist and hospital visits.

POS is a point-of-service plan. The survey defines POS plans as those that have lower cost sharing for in-network provider services, but do require a primary care gatekeeper to screen for specialist and hospital visits.

HDHP/SO is a high-deductible health plan with a savings option such as an HRA or HSA. HDHP/SOs are treated as a distinct plan type even if the plan would otherwise be considered a PPO, HMO, POS plan, or indemnity plan. These plans have a deductible of at least $1,000 for single coverage and $2,000 for family coverage and are offered with an HRA, or are HSA-qualified. See Section 8 for more information on HDHP/SOs.

Conventional/Indemnity The survey defines conventional or indemnity plans as those that have no preferred provider networks and the same cost sharing regardless of physician or hospital.

PPOs are the most common plan type.

• Forty-nine percent of covered workers are enrolled in PPOs, followed by HDHP/SOs (29%), HMOs (12%), POS plans (9%), and conventional plans (1%) [Figure 5.1]. All of these percentages are similar to the enrollment percentages in 2021.
• The percentage of covered workers enrolled in HDHP/SOs is similar to last year (28%) and five years ago (28%), but higher than the percentage 10 years ago (19%). The percentage of covered workers enrolled in PPOs has decreased 7% over the past decade [Figure 5.1].
• The percentage of covered workers enrolled in HMOs (12%) is similar to the percentages last year (16%) and five years ago (14%).
• A larger share of covered workers are enrolled in HDHP/SOs than in HMOs in small and large firms [Figure 5.2].
• A similar share of covered workers in large firms and small firms are enrolled in HDHP/so plans (30% and 25%) [Figure 5.2]. Covered workers in small firms are more likely than covered workers in large firms to be enrolled in POS plans (18% vs. 6%) [Figure 5.2]. Covered workers in small firms are less likely than covered workers in large firms to be enrolled in PPO plans (44% vs. 51%)
• Plan enrollment patterns also differ across regions.
• HMO enrollment is significantly higher in the West (23%), and significantly lower in the Midwest (6%) [Figure 5.3].
• Covered workers in the Midwest (38%) are more likely to be enrolled in HDHP/SOs than workers in other regions, while covered workers in the West (22%) are less likely to be enrolled in HDHP/SOs [Figure 5.3].

Figure 5.1: Distribution of Health Plan Enrollment for Covered Workers, by Plan Type, 1988-2022

Figure 5.2: Distribution of Health Plan Enrollment for Covered Workers, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2022

Figure 5.3: Distribution of Health Plan Enrollment for Covered Workers, by Firm Size, Region, and Industry, 2022

The vast majority of covered workers make contributions towards the cost of thier coverage.

• In 2022, covered workers contribute, on average, 17% of the premium for single coverage and 28% of the premium for family coverage.
• The average percentages contributed for single and family coverage have remained stable in recent years [Figure 6.1].¹⁵
• Covered workers in small firms contribute, on average, a much higher percentage of the premium for family coverage than covered workers in large firms (36% vs. 26%) [Figure 6.2].
• Covered workers with single coverage have an average contribution of $111 per month ($1,327 annually), and covered workers with family coverage have an average contribution of $509 per month ($6,106 annually) toward their health insurance premiums [Figure 6.3], [Figure 6.4], and [Figure 6.5].
• The average contribution for workers enrolled in HDHP/SOs for single coverage is lower than the overall average worker contribution for single coverage ($1,136 vs. $1,327) [Figure 6.6].
• Covered workers in small firms contribute, on average, significantly more annually for family coverage than covered workers in large firms ($7,556 vs. $5,580). The average contributions amounts for covered workers in small and large firms are similar for single coverage [Figure 6.7].

Figure 6.1: Average Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers for Single and Family Coverage, 1999-2022

Figure 6.2: Average Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers for Single and Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 6.3: Average Monthly Worker Premium Contributions for Single and Family Coverage, 1999-2022

Figure 6.4: Average Annual Worker and Employer Contributions to Premiums and Total Premiums for Single Coverage, 1999-2022

Figure 6.5: Average Annual Worker and Employer Contributions to Premiums and Total Premiums for Family Coverage, 1999-2022

Figure 6.6: Average Annual Worker and Employer Premium Contributions and Total Premiums for Single and Family Coverage, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 6.7: Average Annual Worker and Employer Premium Contributions and Total Premiums for Single and Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 6.8: Average Annual Worker and Employer Premium Contributions and Total Premiums for Single Coverage, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2022

Figure 6.9: Average Annual Employer and Worker Premium Contributions and Total Premiums for Family Coverage, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2022

DISTRIBUTIONS OF WORKER CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PREMIUM

• About nine-tenths of covered workers are in a plan where the employer contributes at least half of the premium for both single and family coverage.
• Thirteen percent of covered workers are in a plan where the employer pays the entire premium for single coverage, while only 5% of covered workers are in a plan where the employer pays the entire premium for family coverage [Figure 6.10].
• Covered workers in small firms are much more likely than covered workers in large firms to be in a plan where the employer pays the entire premium.
• Thirty-three percent of covered workers in small firms have an employer that pays the full premium for single coverage, compared to 6% of covered workers in large firms [Figure 6.10].
• For family coverage, 13% of covered workers in small firms have an employer that pays the full premium, compared to 2% of covered workers in large firms [Figure 6.10].
• Thirteen percent of covered workers are in a plan where the worker contributes more than half of the premium for family coverage [Figure 6.10].
• This percentage differs significantly with firm size. Thirty-one percent of covered workers in small firms work in a firm where the worker contribution for family coverage is more than 50% of the premium, a much higher percentage than the 7% of covered workers in large firms [Figure 6.10].
• Small shares of covered workers in small firms (4%) and large firms (1%) must pay more than 50% of the premium for single coverage [Figure 6.10].
• There is substantial variation between small and large firms in the dollar amounts that covered workers must contribute.
• Among covered workers in small firms, 37% have a contribution for single coverage of less than $500, while 19% have a contribution of $2,000 or more [Figure 6.13]. For family coverage, 15% have a contribution of less than $1,500, while 26% have a contribution of $10,500 or more [Figure 6.14].
• Among covered workers in large firms, 14% contribute less than $500 for single coverage, while 18% have a contribution of $2,000 or more [Figure 6.13]. For family coverage, only 5% contribute less than $1,500, while 6% have a contribution of $10,500 or more [Figure 6.14].

Figure 6.10: Distribution of Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers for Single and Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 6.11: Distribution of Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers for Single Coverage, 2002-2022

Figure 6.12: Distribution of Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers for Family Coverage, 2002-2022

Figure 6.13: Distribution of Worker Contributions for Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 6.14: Distribution of Worker Contributions for Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

DIFFERENCES BY FIRM CHARACTERISTICS

• The percentage of the premium paid by covered workers varies with firm characteristics.
• Covered workers in private, for-profit firms have relatively high premium contribution rates for single (20%) and family (31%) coverage. On the other hand, covered workers in public firms have relatively low premium contributions for single (13%) and family (24%) coverage. The average single coverage contribution rate for covered workers in private not-for-profit firms (15%) is also relatively low [Figure 6.17].
• Covered workers in firms with a relatively large share of higher-wage workers (where at least 35% earn $70,000 or more annually) have lower average contributions than those in firms with a smaller share of higher-wage workers for single coverage (16% vs. 19%) and for family coverage (25% vs. 31%) [Figure 6.16].
• Covered workers in firms that have at least some union workers have a lower average contribution for family coverage (25% vs. 30%) than those in firms without any union workers [Figure 6.17].

Figure 6.15: Distribution of the Percentage of Total Premium Paid by Covered Workers for Single and Family Coverage, by Firm Wage Level, 2022

Figure 6.16: Average Annual Worker and Employer Contributions to Premiums and Total Premiums for Single and Family Coverage, by Firm Wage Level, 2022

Figure 6.17: Average Annual Premium Contributions Paid by Covered Workers for Single and Family Coverage, by Firm Characteristics, 2022

Figure 6.18: Average Percentage of Family Premium Paid by Covered Workers, by Firm Characteristics, 2022

Figure 6.19: Average Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers, by Firm Characteristics and Size, 2022

DIFFERENCES BY REGION AND INDUSTRY

• The average worker contribution for single coverage is relatively high in Northeast (20%) and relatively low in the West (14%) [Figure 6.20].
• The average worker contribution for family coverage is relatively low in Midwest (25%) and relatively high in the South (34%) [Figure 6.20].
• Average worker contributions vary across industries for single and family coverage [Figure 6.21].

Figure 6.20: Average Premium Paid by Covered Workers for Single and Family Coverage, by Plan Type and Region, 2022

Figure 6.21: Average Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers, by Industry, 2022

CHANGES OVER TIME

• The average worker contributions in 2022 for single coverage ($1,327) and for family coverage ($6,106) are similar to the average contribution levels last year [Figures 6.22 and 6.23].
• The average worker contribution for single coverage has increased 9% over the last five years. The average worker contributions for single and family coverage over the last 10 years have increased 39% and 41%, respectively [Figures 6.4 and 6.5].

Figure 6.22: Average Annual Worker Contributions for Covered Workers With Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

Figure 6.23: Average Annual Worker Contributions for Covered Workers With Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

Figure 6.24: Average Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers for Single and Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

Figure 6.25: Among Large Firms, Average Annual Worker Contributions for Covered Workers With Family Coverage, by Firm Wage Level, 1999-2022

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15. The average percentage contribution is calculated as a weighted average of all a firm’s plan types and may not necessarily equal the average worker contribution divided by the average premium.↩︎

In addition to any required premium contributions, most covered workers must pay a share of the cost for the medical services they use. The most common forms of cost sharing are deductibles (an amount that must be paid before most services are covered by the plan), copayments (fixed dollar amounts), and coinsurance (a percentage of the charge for services). Some plans combine cost-sharing forms, such as requiring coinsurance for a service up to a maximum amount, or assessing either coinsurance or a copayment for a service, whichever is higher. The type and level of cost sharing may vary with the type of plan in which the worker is enrolled. Cost sharing may also vary by the type of service, with separate classifications for office visits, hospitalizations, or prescription drugs.

The cost-sharing amounts reported here are for covered workers using in-network services. Plan enrollees receiving services from providers that do not participate in plan networks often face higher cost sharing and may be responsible for charges that exceed the plan’s allowable amounts. The framework of this survey does not allow us to capture all of the complex cost-sharing requirements in modern plans, including ancillary services (such as durable medical equipment or physical therapy) or cost-sharing arrangements that vary across different settings (such as tiered networks). Therefore, we do not collect information on all plan provisions and limits that affect enrollee out-of-pocket liability.

GENERAL ANNUAL DEDUCTIBLES FOR WORKERS IN PLANS WITH DEDUCTIBLES

• We consider a general annual deductible to be an amount that must be paid by enrollees before most services are covered by their health plan. Non-grandfathered health plans are required to cover some services, such as preventive care, without cost sharing. Some plans require enrollees to meet a specific deductible for certain services, like prescription drugs or hospital admissions, in lieu of or in addition to a general annual deductible. As discussed below, some plans with a general annual deductible for most services exclude specified classes of care from the deductible, such as prescriptions or physician office visits.
• Eighty-eight percent of covered workers in 2022 are enrolled in a plan with a general annual deductible for single coverage, similar to the percentage last year (85%) but higher than the percentages five years ago (81%) or ten years ago (72%) [Figure 7.2].
• The percent of covered workers enrolled in a plan with a general annual deductible for single coverage is similar for small firms (3-199 workers) (87%) and large firms (200 or more workers) (88%) [Figure 7.2].
• The likelihood of a plan having a general annual deductible varies by plan type. Forty-one percent of covered workers in HMOs do not have a general annual deductible for single coverage, compared to 17% of workers in POS plans and 12% of workers in PPOs [Figure 7.1].
• For workers with single coverage in a plan with a general annual deductible, the average annual deductible is $1,763, similar to the average deductible last year ($1,669) [Figure 7.3] and [Figure 7.8].
• For covered workers in plans with a general annual deductible, the average deductibles for single coverage are $1,451 in HMOs, $1,322 in PPOs, $1,907 in POS plans, and $2,539 in HDHP/SOs [Figure 7.6].
• In most plan types, the average deductibles for single coverage are higher for for covered workers in small firms than in large firms. For covered workers in PPOs, the most common plan type, the average deductible for single coverage in small firms is considerably higher than in large firms ($2,248 vs. $1,023) [Figure 7.6]. Overall, for covered workers in plans with a general annual deductible, the average deductible for single coverage in small firms ($2,543) is higher than the average deductible in large firms ($1,493) [Figure 7.3].
• The average general annual deductible for single coverage for workers in plans with a deductible has increased 17% over the past five years and 61% over the past ten years [Figure 7.8].

Figure 7.1: Percentage of Covered Workers With No General Annual Deductible for Single Coverage, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2022

Figure 7.2: Percentage of Covered Workers in a Plan That Includes a General Annual Deductible for Single Coverage, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2006-2022

Figure 7.3: Percentage of Covered Workers in a Plan That Includes a General Annual Deductible and Average Deductible for Single Coverage, by Firm Size and Region, 2022

Figure 7.4: Percentage of Covered Workers in a Plan That Includes a General Annual Deductible and Average Deductibles for Single Coverage, by Firm Characteristics, 2022

Figure 7.5: Among Covered Workers With No General Annual Deductible, Percentage Who Face Other Types of Cost Sharing, 2022

Figure 7.6: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible for Single Coverage, Average Deductible, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2022

Figure 7.7: Percentage of Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible for Single Coverage, 2006-2022

Figure 7.8: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible, Average Single and Family Coverage Deductible, by Plan Type, 2006-2022

GENERAL ANNUAL DEDUCTIBLES AMONG ALL COVERED WORKERS

• As discussed above, the share of covered workers in plans with a general annual deductible has increased significantly over time, from 72% in 2012 to 88% in 2022 [Figure 7.9]. The average deductible amount for covered workers in plans with a deductible has also increased over this period, from $1,097 in 2012 to $1,763 in 2022 [Figure 7.10]. Neither trend by itself, however, captures the full impact that changes in deductibles have had on covered workers. We can look at the average impact of both trends together by assigning a zero deductible value to covered workers in plans with no deductible and looking at how the resulting averages change over time. These average deductible amounts are lower in any given year, but the changes over time reflect both higher deductible amounts, and the fact that more workers face them.
• Using this approach, the average general annual deductible for single coverage for all covered workers in 2022 is $1,562, similar to the amount last year ($1,434) [Figure 7.10].
• The 2022 value is 28% higher than the average general annual deductible in 2017 ($1,221) and 95% higher than in 2012 ($802) [Figure 7.10].
• Another way to examine the impact of deductibles on covered workers is to look at the percent of all covered workers who are in a plan with a deductible that exceeds a certain amount. Sixty-one percent of covered workers are in plans with a general annual deductible of $1,000 or more for single coverage, similar to the percentage last year [Figure 7.13].
• Over the past five years, the percent of covered workers with a general annual deductible of $1,000 or more for single coverage has grown, from 51% to 61% [Figure 7.13].
• Workers in small firms are considerably more likely to have a general annual deductible of $1,000 or more for single coverage than workers in large firms (74% vs. 56%) [Figure 7.12].
• In 2022, 32% of covered workers are enrolled in a plan with a deductible of $2,000 or more, similar to the percentage last year (29%) [Figure 7.14]. This percentage is much higher for covered workers in small firms than in large firms (49% vs. 25%) [Figure 7.12].

Figure 7.9: Prevalence and Value of General Annual Deductibles for Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 2006-2022

Figure 7.10: Average General Annual Deductibles for Single Coverage, 2006-2022

Figure 7.11: Among Covered Workers Who Face a Deductible for Single Coverage, Average General Annual Deductible for Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 2006-2022

Figure 7.12: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Plan With a High General Annual Deductible for Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 7.13: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Plan With a General Annual Deductible of $1,000 or More for Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 2009-2022

Figure 7.14: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Plan With a General Annual Deductible of $2,000 or More for Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 2009-2022

GENERAL ANNUAL DEDUCTIBLES AND ACCOUNT CONTRIBUTIONS

• One of the reasons for the growth in general annual deductibles is the growth in enrollment in HDHP/SOs, which have higher deductibles than other plans. While having a higher deductible in other plan types generally increases enrollee out-of-pocket liability, the shift in enrollment to HDHP/SOs does not necessarily do so, because many HDHP/SO enrollees receive an account contribution from their employers, reducing the higher cost sharing in these plans.
• Fourteen percent of covered workers in an HDHP with an HRA and 3% of covered workers in an HSA-qualified HDHP receive an account contribution from their employer for single coverage that is at least equal to their deductible. Another 30% of covered workers in an HDHP with an HRA and 17% of covered workers in an HSA-qualified HDHP receive account contributions that, if applied to their deductible, would reduce the deductible to $1,000 or less [Figure 7.16].
• If we subtract employer account contributions from the general annual deductibles, the percent of covered workers with a deductible of $1,000 or more would be reduced from 61% to 54% [Figure 7.13] and [Figure 7.15].

Figure 7.15: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Plan With a High General Annual Deductible for Single Coverage, Reduced by Any HRA/HSA Contributions, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 7.16: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible, Average General Annual Deductibles for Single Coverage, Reduced by Any HRA/HSA Contributions, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2022

Figure 7.17: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible, Distribution of General Annual Deductibles for Single Coverage, Reduced by Any HRA/HSA Contributions, 2007-2022

Figure 7.18: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible, Distribution of General Annual Deductible for Single Coverage, 2007-2022

Figure 7.19: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible, Distribution of General Annual Deductibles for Single Coverage, by Plan Type, 2022

GENERAL ANNUAL DEDUCTIBLES FOR WORKERS ENROLLED IN FAMILY COVERAGE

General annual deductibles for family coverage are structured in two primary ways: (1) an aggregate family deductible, where the out-of-pocket expenses of all family members count against a specified family deductible amount, and the deductible is considered met when the combined family expenses exceed the deductible amount, or (2) a separate per-person family deductible, where each family member is subject to a specified deductible amount before the plan covers expenses for that member. However, many plans with a per-person deductible consider the deductible for all family members met once a certain number of family members (typically two or three) meet their specified deductible amount.¹⁶

• Forty percent of covered workers in HMOs are in plans without a general annual deductible for family coverage. The percent of workers in plans without family deductibles are lower for workers in PPOs (12%) and POS plans (17%). As defined, all covered workers in HDHP/SOs have a general annual deductible for family coverage [Figure 7.20].
• Among covered workers enrolled in family coverage, the percent of covered workers in a plan with an aggregate general annual deductible is 44% for workers in HMOs, 53% for workers in PPOs, 68% for workers in POS plans, and 74% for workers in HDHP/SOs [Figure 7.20].
• The average deductible amounts for covered workers in plans with an aggregate annual deductible for family coverage are $3,124 for HMOs, $2,908 for PPOs, $3,773 for POS plans, and $4,766 for HDHP/SOs [Figure 7.21]. The average deductible amounts for aggregate family deductibles are similar to last year for each plan type.
• For covered workers in plans with an aggregate deductible for family coverage, the average annual family deductibles in small firms are higher than in large firms for covered workers in HMOs, PPOs and HDHP/SOs [Figure 7.21].
• Among workers enrolled in family coverage, the percent of workers in plans with a separate per-person annual deductible for family coverage is 16% for workers in HMOs, 35% for workers in PPOs, 15% for workers in POS plans, and 26% for workers in HDHP/SOs [Figure 7.20].
• The average deductible amounts for covered workers in plans with separate per-person annual deductibles for family coverage are $1,600 for HMOs, $1,506 for PPOs, and $3,325 for HDHP/SOs [Figure 7.21].
• Thirty-four percent of covered workers in plans with a separate per-person annual deductible for family coverage have a limit for the number of family members required to meet the separate deductible amounts [Figure 7.24]. Among those covered workers, the most frequent number of family members who are required to meet the separate per-person deductible is two [Figure 7.25].

Figure 7.20: Distribution of Type of General Annual Deductible for Covered Workers With Family Coverage, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.21: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible, Average Deductibles for Family Coverage, by Deductible Type, Plan Type, and Firm Size, 2022

Figure 7.22: Among Covered Workers With a Separate Per-Person General Annual Deductible for Family Coverage, Distribution of Deductibles, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.23: Among Covered Workers With an Aggregate General Annual Deductible for Family Coverage, Distribution of Deductibles, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.24: Among Covered Workers With a Separate Per-Person General Annual Deductible for Family Coverage, Structure of Deductible Limits, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.25: Among Covered Workers With a Separate Per-Person General Annual Deductible for Family Coverage and a Per-Person Limit, Distribution of Maximum Number of Family Members Required to Meet the Deductible, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.26: Among Covered Workers With an Aggregate General Annual Deductible for Family Coverage, Distribution of Aggregate Deductibles, by Plan Type, 2017 and 2022

COVERAGE OF SERVICES AND PRODUCTS BEFORE MEETING THE GENERAL ANNUAL DEDUCTIBLES

• The majority of covered workers with a general annual deductible are in plans where the deductible does not have to be met before certain services, such as physician office visits or prescription drugs, are covered. Covered workers in HSA qualified HDHP/SOs are not included in these estimates because HSA-qualified plans generally only pay for preventive services before the deductible is met.
• The majority of covered workers (80% in HMOs, 69% in PPOs, and 61% in POS plans) who are enrolled in plans with general annual deductibles are in plans where the deductible does not have to be met before physician office visits for primary care are covered [Figure 7.27].
• Similarly, among workers with a general annual deductible, large shares of covered workers in HMOs (89%), PPOs (84%), POS plans (80%), and HDHP/HRAs (64%) do not have to meet the general annual deductible before prescription drugs are covered [Figure 7.27].
• In 2019, the federal government issued new rules that expanded the number and types of items and services that may be considered preventive by HSA-qualified health plans. This means that plan sponsors may pay for part or all of these services before enrollees meet the plan deductibles in these plans. In 2022, we asked employers with all types of health plans, including HSA qualified HDHP/SOs, whether certain preventive services – specifically insulin products for treating diabetes and statins for treating high cholesterol – were paid for before the plan deductible is met.
• The majority of covered workers (85% in HMOs, 83% in PPOs, and 70% in POS plans, and 46% in HPHD/SOs) are enrolled in plans where the general annual deductible does not have to be met before at least some insulin products are covered. Covered workers in HDHP/SOs are less likely than covered workers in PPOs and HMOs to be in a plan where insulin products are covered before the deductible is met [Figure 7.28].
• Similarly, the majority of covered workers (87% in HMOs, 84% in PPOs, and 77% in POS plans, and 44% in HPHD/SOs) are enrolled in plans where the general annual deductible does not have to be met before at least some statins are covered. Covered workers in HDHP/SOs are less likely than covered workers in PPOs and HMOs to be in a plan where statins are covered before the deductible is met [Figure 7.28].

Figure 7.27: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible, Percentage With Coverage for the Following Services Without Having to First Meet the Deductible, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.28: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible, Percentage With Coverage for the Following Drug Classes Without Having to First Meet the Deductible, by Plan Type, 2022

HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS AND OUTPATIENT SURGERY

• Whether or not a worker has a general annual deductible, most workers face additional types of cost sharing (such as a copayment, coinsurance, or a per diem charge) when admitted to a hospital or having outpatient surgery. The distribution of workers with cost sharing for hospital admissions or outpatient surgery does not equal 100%, as workers may face a complex combination of types of cost sharing. For this reason, the average copayment and coinsurance rates include workers who may have a combination of these types of cost sharing.
• In addition to any general annual deductible that may apply, 68% of covered workers have coinsurance and 13% have a copayment that applies to inpatient hospital admissions. A lower percent of covered workers have per day (per diem) payments (5%), a separate hospital deductible (2%), or both a copayment and coinsurance (10%), while 15% have no additional cost sharing for hospital admissions after any general annual deductible has been met [Figure 7.29].
• On average, covered workers in HMOs and POS plans are more likely than workers in other plan types to have a copayment for hospital admissions, while workers in HDHP/SOs are less likely [Figure 7.29].
• Covered workers in HMOs and POS plans are less likely, on average, than workers in other plan types to have a coinsurance requirement for hospital admissions [Figure 7.29].
• The average coinsurance rate for a hospital admission is 20%, the average copayment is $344 per hospital admission, and the average per diem charge is $473 [Figure 7.32]. Sixty-seven percent of workers enrolled in a plan with a per diem for hospital admissions have a limit on the number of days for which a worker must pay the cost-sharing amount [Figure 7.33].
• The cost-sharing provisions for outpatient surgery are similar to those for hospital admissions, as most workers have coinsurance or copayments. In 2022, 13% of covered workers have a copayment and 69% have a coinsurance rate for outpatient surgery. In addition, 8% have both a copayment and a coinsurance rate, while 16% have no additional cost sharing after any general annual deductible has been met [Figures 7.30 and 7.31].
• For covered workers with cost sharing for outpatient surgery, the average coinsurance rate is 20% and the average copayment is $179 [Figure 7.32].

Figure 7.29: Distribution of Covered Workers With Other Cost Sharing for Hospital Admissions, in Addition to Any General Annual Deductible, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.30: Distribution of Covered Workers With Other Cost Sharing for Outpatient Surgery, in Addition to Any General Annual Deductible, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.31: Percentage of Covered Workers With the Following Types of Cost Sharing for Hospital Admissions and Outpatient Surgery, in Addition to Any General Annual Deductible, 2022

Figure 7.32: Among Covered Workers With Separate Cost Sharing for Hospital Admissions or Outpatient Surgery, Average Cost Sharing, by Type, 2022

Figure 7.33: Among Covered Workers With a Charge Per Day for Hospital Admissions, Average Cost Sharing Features, 2022

Figure 7.34: Among Covered Workers With a Copayment for Hospital Admissions or Outpatient Surgery, Distribution of Copayments, 2022

Figure 7.35: Among Covered Workers With Coinsurance for Hospital Admissions or Outpatient Surgery, Distribution of Coinsurance Rates, 2022

COST SHARING FOR PHYSICIAN OFFICE VISITS

• The majority of covered workers are enrolled in health plans that require cost sharing for an in-network physician office visit, in addition to any general annual deductible.¹⁷
• The most common form of cost sharing for an in-network physician office is a copayment. Sixty-six percent of covered workers have a copayment for a primary care physician office visit and 21% have coinsurance. For office visits with a specialty physician, 65% of covered workers have a copayment and 22% have coinsurance [Figure 7.36].
• The form of cost sharing for physician office visits varies by firm size. Covered workers in small firms are are less likely to have coinsurance than workers in large firms for in-network primary care office visits (10% vs. 24%), and for in-network office visits with specialists (11% vs. 26%).
• Covered workers in HMOs, PPOs, and POS plans are much more likely to have copayments for both primary care and specialty care physician office visits than workers in HDHP/SOs. For primary care physician office visits, 16% of covered workers in HDHP/SOs have a copayment, 54% have coinsurance, and 18% have no cost sharing after the general annual plan deductible is met [Figure 7.36].
• Among covered workers with a copayment for in-network physician office visits, the average copayment for primary care physician office visits is $27, similar to the average copayment last year ($25) [Figure 7.37].
• Among covered workers with a copayment for in-network physician office visits, the average copayment for specialty physician office visits is $44, similar to the amount last year [Figure 7.37].
• For covered workers with a copayment for physician office visits, average copayment amounts are higher for workers in small firms than those in large firms for both primary care physician office visits ($29 vs. $25) and specialty physician office visits ($50 vs. $41).
• Among covered workers with coinsurance for in-network physician office visits, the average coinsurance rates are 19% for a visit with a primary care physician and 20% for a visit with a specialist, similar to the rates last year [Figure 7.37].

Figure 7.36: Percentage of Covered Workers With the Following Types of Cost Sharing for Physician Office Visits, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.37: Among Covered Workers With Copayments And/Or Coinsurance for Physician Office Visits, Average Copayments and Coinsurance, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.38: Among Covered Workers With a Copayment for a Primary Care Physician Office Visit, Distribution of Copayments, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.39: Among Covered Workers With a Copayment for a Specialist Physician Office Visit, Distribution of Copayments, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.40: Among Covered Workers With a Copayment for a Primary Care Physician Office Visit, Distribution of Copayments, 2006-2022

Figure 7.41: Among Covered Workers With a Copayment for a Specialist Physician Office Visit, Distribution of Copayments, 2006-2022

Figure 7.42: Among Covered Workers With a Copayment And/Or Coinsurance for Physician Office Visits, Average Copayment and Coinsurance, 2006-2022

OUT-OF-POCKET MAXIMUMS

• Virtually all covered workers are in a plan that partially or totally limits the cost sharing that enrollees must pay in a year. This limit is generally referred to as an out-of-pocket maximum. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires that non-grandfathered health plans have an out-of-pocket maximum of no more than $8,700 for single coverage and $17,400 for family coverage in 2022. Out-of-pocket limits in HSA qualified HDHP/SOs are required to be somewhat lower.¹⁸ Many plans have complex out-of-pocket structures, which makes it difficult to accurately collect information on this element of plan design.
• In 2022, more than 99% of covered workers are in a plan that has an out-of-pocket maximum for single coverage [Figure 7.43].
• For covered workers in plans with an out-of-pocket maximum for single coverage, there is wide variation in spending limits.
• Eight percent of covered workers in plans with an out-of-pocket maximum have an out-of-pocket maximum of less than $2,000 for single coverage, while 26% of these workers have an out-of-pocket maximum of $6,000 or more [Figure 7.45].

Figure 7.43: Percentage of Covered Workers in a Plan With an Out-Of-Pocket Maximum for Single Coverage, 2009-2022

Figure 7.44: Percentage of Covered Workers in a Plan With an Out-Of-Pocket Maximum Above Certain Thresholds for Single Coverage, 2009-2022

Figure 7.45: Among Covered Workers With an Out-Of-Pocket Maximum for Single Coverage, Distribution of Out-Of-Pocket Maximums, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 7.46: Among Covered Workers With an Out-Of-Pocket Maximum for Single Coverage, Average Out-Of-Pocket Maximums, by Firm Size, 2022

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16. Some workers with separate per-person deductibles or out-of-pocket maximums for family coverage do not have a specific number of family members that are required to meet the deductible amount and instead have another type of limit, such as a per-person amount with a total dollar amount limit. These responses are included in the averages and distributions for separate family deductibles and out-of-pocket maximums.↩︎
17. Starting in 2010, the survey asked about the prevalence and cost of physician office visits separately for primary care and specialty care. Prior to the 2010 survey, if the respondent indicated the plan had a copayment for office visits, we assumed the plan had a copayment for both primary and specialty care visits. The survey did not allow for a respondent to report that a plan had a copayment for primary care visits and coinsurance for visits with a specialist physician. The changes made in 2010 allow for variations in the type of cost sharing for primary care and specialty care visits. The survey includes cost sharing for in-network services only.↩︎
18. For those enrolled in an HDHP/HSA, the out-of-pocket maximum may be no more than $7,050 for an individual plan and $14,100 for a family plan in 2022. See https://www.irs.gov/irb/2019-22_IRB#REV-PROC-2019-25↩︎

To help cover out-of-pocket expenses not covered by a health plan, some firms offer high-deductible plans paired with an account that allows enrollees to use tax-preferred funds to pay plan cost sharing and other out-of-pocket medical expenses. The two most common types of accounts are health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs) and health savings accounts (HSAs). HRAs and HSAs are both financial accounts that workers or their family members can use to pay for health care services. These savings arrangements are often (or, in the case of HSAs, always) paired with health plans with high deductibles. This survey treats high-deductible plans paired with a savings option as a distinct plan type – High-Deductible Health Plan with Savings Option (HDHP/SO) – even if the plan would otherwise be considered a PPO, HMO, POS plan, or conventional health plan. Specifically for the survey, HDHP/SOs are defined as (1) health plans with a deductible of at least $1,000 for single coverage and $2,000 for family coverage¹⁹, offered with an HRA (referred to as HDHP/HRAs), or (2) high-deductible health plans that meet the federal legal requirements to permit an enrollee to establish and contribute to an HSA (referred to as HSA-qualified HDHPs).²⁰

PERCENTAGE OF FIRMS OFFERING HDHP/HRAS AND HSA-QUALIFIED HDHPS

• Twenty-eight percent of firms offering health benefits offer an HDHP/HRA, an HSA-qualified HDHP, or both. Among firms offering health benefits, 7% offer an HDHP/HRA and 25% offer an HSA-qualified HDHP [Figure 8.1]. The percentage of firms offering an HDHP/SO is similar to last year.
• Large firms (200 or more workers) are more much likely to offer an HDHP/SO than small firms (3-199 workers) (57% vs. 27%) [Figure 8.3].

Figure 8.1: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage That Offer an HDHP/HRA And/Or an HSA-Qualified HDHP, 2005-2022

Figure 8.2: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage That Offer an HDHP/SO, by Firm Size, 2005-2022

Figure 8.3: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage That Offer an HDHP/HRA And/Or an HSA-Qualified HDHP, by Firm Size, 2022

ENROLLMENT IN HDHP/HRAS AND HSA-QUALIFIED HDHPS

• Twenty-nine percent of covered workers are enrolled in an HDHP/SO in 2022, similar to the percentage last year (28%) [Figure 8.4].
• Enrollment in HDHP/SOs has increased over the past decade, from 19% of covered workers in 2012 to 29% in 2022 [Figure 8.4].
• Five percent of covered workers are enrolled in HDHP/HRAs and 24% of covered workers are enrolled in HSA-qualified HDHPs in 2022. These percentages are similar to last year [Figure 8.4].
• The percentage of covered workers enrolled in HDHP/SOs is similar in small firms and in large firms [Figure 8.5].

Figure 8.4: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in an HDHP/HRA or HSA-Qualified HDHP, 2006-2022

Figure 8.5: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in an HDHP/SO, by Firm Size, 2006-2022

PREMIUMS AND WORKER CONTRIBUTIONS

• In 2022, average annual premiums for covered workers in HDHP/HRAs are $7,832 for single coverage and $21,708 for family coverage [Figure 8.6].
• The average annual premiums for workers in HSA-qualified HDHPs are $7,170 for single coverage and $21,079 for family coverage. These amounts are significantly less than the average single and family premium for covered workers in plans that are not HDHP/SOs [Figure 8.7].
• The average annual worker premium contribution for workers enrolled in HDHP/HRAs is $1,405 for single coverage and $6,241 for family coverage [Figure 8.6]. The average contribution for family coverage for workers in HDHP/HRAs is similar to the average premium contribution made by workers in plans that are not HDHP/SOs [Figure 8.7].
• The average annual worker premium contributions for workers in HSA-qualified HDHPs are $1,078 for single coverage and $5,188 for family coverage. The average contribution for single coverage for workers in HSA-qualified HDHPs is significantly less than in plans that are not HDHP/SOs [Figure 8.7].

Figure 8.6: HDHP/HRA and HSA-Qualified HDHP Features for Covered Workers, 2022

Figure 8.7: Average Annual Premiums and Contributions to Savings Accounts for Covered Workers in HDHP/HRAs or HSA-Qualified HDHPs, Compared to Non-HDHP/SOs, 2022

Figure 8.8: Average Annual Premiums and Contributions for Covered Workers in HDHP/SOs and Non-HDHP/SOs, for Family Coverage, 2022

Figure 8.9: Total Annual Costs (Premiums and Account Contributions) for Covered Workers in HDHP/SOs, for Family Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 8.10: Average Annual Premiums for Covered Workers With Family Coverage, by Plan Type, 2007-2022

Figure 8.11: Average Annual Premiums for Covered Workers With Single Coverage, by Plan Type, 2007-2022

OUT-OF-POCKET MAXIMUMS AND PLAN DEDUCTIBLES

• HSA-qualified HDHPs are legally required to have an annual out-of-pocket maximum of no more than $7,050 for single coverage and $14,100 for family coverage in 2022. Non-grandfathered HDHP/HRA plans are required to have out-of-pocket maximums of no more than $8,700 for single coverage and $17,400 for family coverage. Virtually all HDHP/HRA plans have an out-of-pocket maximum for single coverage in 2022.
• The average annual out-of-pocket maximum for single coverage is $5,328 for HDHP/HRAs and $4,422 for HSA-qualified HDHPs [Figure 8.6].
• As expected, workers enrolled in HDHP/SOs have higher deductibles than workers enrolled in HMOs, PPOs, or POS plans [Figure 8.14].
• The average general annual deductible for single coverage is $2,925 for HDHP/HRAs and $2,458 for HSA-qualified HDHPs [Figure 8.6]. There is wide variation around these averages: 37% of covered workers enrolled in an HDHP/SO are in a plan with a deductible between $1,000 and $1,999 for single coverage while 27% have a deductible of $3,000 or more [Figure 8.12].
• The survey asks firms whether the family deductible amount is (1) an aggregate amount (i.e., the out-of-pocket expenses of all family members are counted until the deductible is satisfied), or (2) a per-person amount that applies to each family member (typically with a limit on the number of family members that would be required to meet the deductible amount) (see Section 7 for more information).
• The average aggregate deductibles for workers with family coverage are $6,013 for HDHP/HRAs and $4,533 for HSA-qualified HDHPs [Figure 8.6]. As with single coverage, there is wide variation around these averages for family coverage: 7% of covered workers enrolled in HDHP/SOs with an aggregate family deductible have a deductible between $2,000 and $2,999 while 22% have a deductible of $6,000 dollars or more [Figure 8.15].

Figure 8.12: Distribution of Covered Workers in HDHP/SOs With the Following General Annual Deductibles for Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 8.13: General Annual Deductible for Workers in HDHP/SOs After Any Employer Account Contributions for Single Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 8.14: Among Covered Workers With a General Annual Deductible, Average Deductibles for Workers in Non-HDHP/SOs Compared to HDHP/SOs Before and After Any Employer Account Contributions, for Single Coverage, 2007-2022

Figure 8.15: Distribution of Covered Workers in HDHP/SOs With the Following Aggregate Family Deductibles, 2022

EMPLOYER ACCOUNT CONTRIBUTIONS

• Employers contribute to HDHP/SOs in two ways: through their contributions toward the premium for the health plan, and through their contributions (if any, in the case of HSAs) to the savings account option (the HRAs or HSAs themselves).
• Covered workers in HDHP/HRAs receive premium contributions from their employers of $6,427 on average for single coverage and $15,467 for family coverage [Figure 8.7]. These amounts are similar to the contribution amounts last year.
• The average annual employer contribution to premiums for workers in HSA-qualified HDHPs is $6,092 for single coverage and $15,891 for family coverage. The contribution for single coverage is higher than the amount last year ($6,092 vs. $5,743). The average employer contribution for single coverage for workers in HSA-qualified HDHPs is lower than for workers in plans that are not HDHP/SOs [Figure 8.7].
• Covered workers enrolled in HDHP/HRAs on average receive an annual employer contribution to their HRA of $1,815 for single coverage and $3,322 for family coverage [Figure 8.7].
• HRAs are generally structured in such a way that employers may not actually spend the whole amount that they make available to their employees’ HRAs.²¹ Amounts committed to an employee’s HRA that are not used by the employee generally roll over and can be used in future years, but any balance may revert back to the employer if the employee leaves his or her job. Thus, the employer contribution amounts to HRAs that we capture in the survey may exceed the amount that employers will actually spend.
• Covered workers enrolled in HSA-qualified HDHPs receive an average annual employer HSA contribution of $648 for single coverage and $1,117 for family coverage [Figure 8.7].
• In many cases, employers that sponsor HSA-qualified HDHP/SOs do not make contributions to HSAs established by their employees. Thirty-nine percent of employers offering single coverage and 32% offering family coverage through HSA-qualified HDHPs do not make contributions toward the HSAs that their workers establish. Among covered workers enrolled in an HSA-qualified HDHP, 20% enrolled in single coverage and 20% enrolled in family coverage do not receive an account contribution from their employer [Figure 8.16] and [Figure 8.17].
• The average HSA contributions reported above include the portion of covered workers whose employer contribution to the HSA is zero. When those firms that do not contribute to the HSA are excluded from the calculation, the average employer contribution for covered workers is $820 for single coverage and $1,417 for family coverage.
• The percentages of covered workers enrolled in a plan where the employer makes no HSA contribution, (20% for single coverage and 20% for family coverage), are similar to the percentages in recent years [Figure 8.16] and [Figure 8.17].
• The amount that employers contribute to savings accounts varies considerably.
• Forty percent of covered workers in an HDHP/HRA receive an annual HRA contribution of less than $800 for single coverage, while 37% receive an annual HRA contribution of $1,600 or more [Figure 8.16].
• Thirty-four percent of covered workers in an HSA-qualified HDHP receive an annual HSA contribution of less than $400 for single coverage, including 20% who receive no HSA contribution from their employer [Figure 8.16]. In contrast, 13% of covered workers in an HSA-qualified HDHP receive an annual HSA contribution of $1,200 or more. Four percent of covered workers have an employer that matches any HSA contribution for single coverage.
• Employer contributions to savings account options (i.e., the HRAs and HSAs themselves) for their workers can be added to their health plan premium contributions to calculate total employer contributions toward HDHP/SOs. We note that HRAs are a promise by an employer to pay up to a specified amount and that many employees will not receive the full amount of their HRA in a year, so adding the employer premium contribution amount and the HRA contribution represents an upper bound for employer liability that overstates the amount that is actually expended. Since employer contributions to employee HSAs immediately transfer the full amount to the employee, adding employer premium and HSA contributions is an instructive way to look at their total liability under these plans.
• For HDHP/HRAs, the average annual total employer contribution for covered workers is $8,243 for single coverage and $18,788 for family coverage. The average total employer contributions for covered workers for single coverage and family coverage in HDHP/HRAs are higher than the average employer contributions toward single and family coverage in plans that are not HDHP/SOs [Figure 8.7].
• For HSA-qualified HDHPs, the average total annual employer contribution for covered workers is $6,774 for single coverage and $17,149 for workers with family coverage. These amounts are similar to the average employer contributions for single and family coverage in health plans that are not HDHP/SOs [Figure 8.7].

Figure 8.16: Distribution of Covered Workers With the Following Annual Employer Contributions to Their HRA or HSA, for Single Coverage, 2022

Figure 8.17: Distribution of Covered Workers With the Following Annual Employer Contributions to Their HRA or HSA, for Family Coverage, 2022

Figure 8.18: Average Annual Employer Contributions to HSA Accounts for Covered Workers Enrolled in an HSA-Qualified HDHP, 2009-2022

Figure 8.19: Among Covered Workers in HDHP/HRAs and HSA-Qualified HDHPs, Average Annual Employer HSA and HRA Contributions, 2022

COST SHARING FOR OFFICE VISITS

• The cost-sharing pattern for primary care office visits varies for workers enrolled in HDHP/SOs. Fifty-eight percent of covered workers in HDHP/HRAs have a copayment for primary care physician office visits, compared to 6% enrolled in HSA-qualified HDHPs [Figure 8.20]. Workers in other plan types are much more likely to face copayments than coinsurance for physician office visits (see Section 7 for more information).

Figure 8.20: Distribution of Covered Workers in HDHP/HRAs and HSA-Qualified HDHPs With the Following Types of Cost Sharing in Addition to the General Annual Deductible, 2022

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Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs) are medical care reimbursement plans established by employers that can be used by employees to pay for health care. HRAs are funded solely by employers. Employers may commit to make a specified amount of money available in the HRA for premiums and medical expenses incurred by employees or their dependents. HRAs are accounting devices, and employers are not required to expend funds until an employee incurs expenses that would be covered by the HRA. Unspent funds in the HRA usually can be carried over to the next year (sometimes with a limit). Employees cannot take their HRA balances with them if they leave their job, although an employer can choose to make the remaining balance available to former employees to pay for health care. HRAs often are offered along with a high-deductible health plan (HDHP). In such cases, the employee pays for health care first from his or her HRA and then out-of-pocket until the health plan deductible is met. Sometimes certain preventive services or other services such as prescription drugs are paid for by the plan before the employee meets the deductible.

Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) are savings accounts created by individuals to pay for health care. An individual may establish an HSA if he or she is covered by a “qualified health plan” – a plan with a high deductible (at least $1,400 for single coverage and $2,800 for family coverage in 2022 or $1,400 and $2,800, respectively, in 2021) that also meets other requirements. Employers can encourage their employees to create HSAs by offering an HDHP that meets the federal requirements. Employers in some cases also may assist their employees by identifying HSA options, facilitating applications, or negotiating favorable fees from HSA vendors.Both employers and employees can contribute to an HSA, up to the statutory cap of $3,650 for single coverage and $7,300 for family coverage in 2022. Employee contributions to the HSA are made on a pre-income tax basis, and some employers arrange for their employees to fund their HSAs through payroll deductions. Employers are not required to contribute to HSAs established by their employees but if they elect to do so, their contributions are not taxable to the employee. Interest and other earnings on amounts in an HSA are not taxable. Withdrawals from the HSA by the account owner to pay for qualified health care expenses are not taxed. The savings account is owned by the individual who creates the account, so employees retain their HSA balances if they leave their job. See https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2019-08017/p-850 For those enrolled in an HDHP/HSA, see https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p969.pdf

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19. There is no legal requirement for the minimum deductible in a plan offered with an HRA. The survey defines a high-deductible HRA plan as a plan with a deductible of at least $1,000 for single coverage and $2,000 for family coverage. Federal law requires a deductible of at least $1,400 for single coverage and $2,800 for family coverage for HSA-qualified HDHPs in 2022 (or $1,400 and $2,800, respectively, for plans in their 2021 plan year). Not all firms’ plan years correspond with the calendar year, so some firms may report a plan with limits from the prior year. See definitions at the end of this Section for more information on HDHP/HRAs and HSA-qualified HDHPs.↩︎
20. The definitions of HDHP/SOs do not include other consumer-driven plan options, such as arrangements that combine an HRA with a lower-deductible health plan or arrangements in which an insurer (rather than the employer as in the case of HRAs or the enrollee as in the case of HSAs) establishes an account for each enrollee. Other arrangements may be included in future surveys as the market evolves.↩︎
21. The survey asks “Up to what dollar amount does your firm promise to contribute each year to an employee’s HRA or health reimbursement arrangement for single coverage?” We refer to the amount that the employer commits to make available to an HRA as a contribution for ease of discussion. As discussed, HRAs are notional accounts, and employers are not required to actually transfer funds until an employee incurs expenses. Thus, employers may not expend the entire amount that they commit to make available to their employees through an HRA. Some employers may make their HRA contribution contingent on other factors, such as completing wellness programs.↩︎

Nearly all (98%) covered workers are at a firm that provides prescription drug coverage in its largest health plan. Employer plans have incorporated more complex benefit designs for prescriptions drugs over time, as employers and insurers expand the use of formularies with multiple cost-sharing tiers, as well as other management approaches. To reduce the burden on respondents, we ask offering firms about the attributes of prescription drug coverage only for their largest health plan. This survey asks employers about the cost-sharing in up to four tiers, and a tier exclusively for specialty drugs. Some plans may have more than one tier for specialty drugs or other variations. There also may be other areas of variation in how plans structure their formularies.

DISTRIBUTION OF COST SHARING

• The large majority of covered workers (90%) are in a plan with tiered cost sharing for prescription drugs [Figure 9.1]. Cost-sharing tiers generally refer to a health plan placing a drug on a formulary or preferred drug list that classifies drugs into categories that are subject to different cost sharing or management. Commonly, there are different tiers for generic, preferred and non-preferred drugs, and in recent years, plans have created additional tiers that may be used for specialty drugs or expensive drugs such as biologics. Some plans may have multiple tiers for different categories. For example, a plan may have preferred and non-preferred specialty tiers. The survey obtains information about the cost-sharing structure for up to five tiers.
• Eighty-four percent of covered workers are in a plan with three, four, or even more tiers of cost sharing for prescription drugs [Figure 9.1]. These totals include tiers that cover only specialty drugs, even though the cost-sharing information for those tiers is reported separately.
• HDHP/SO plans have a different cost-sharing pattern for prescription drugs than other plan types. Compared to covered workers in other plan types, those in HDHP/SOs are less likely to be in a plan with four or more tiers of cost sharing (41% vs. 61%) and are more likely to be in a plan that has no cost sharing for prescriptions once the plan deductible is met (9% vs. 2%) [Figure 9.2].

Figure 9.1: Distribution of Covered Workers Facing Different Cost-Sharing Formulas for Prescription Drug Benefits, 2017-2022

Figure 9.2: Distribution of Covered Workers Facing Different Cost-Sharing Formulas for Prescription Drug Benefits, by Plan Type and Plan Size, 2022

TIERS NOT EXCLUSIVELY FOR SPECIALTY DRUGS

• Even when formulary tiers covering only specialty drugs are not counted, a large share (78%) of covered workers are in a plan with three or more tiers of cost sharing for prescription drugs. The cost-sharing statistics presented in this section do not include information about tiers that cover only specialty drugs. In cases in which a plan covers specialty drugs on a tier with other drugs, they will be included in these averages. Cost-sharing statistics for tiers covering only specialty drugs are presented further down in this section.
• For covered workers in a plan with three or more tiers of cost sharing for prescription drugs, copayments are the most common form of cost sharing in the first three tiers and coinsurance is the second-most common [Figure 9.3].
• Among covered workers in plans with three or more tiers of cost sharing for prescription drugs, the average copayment is $11 for first-tier drugs, $37 second-tier drugs, $67 for third-tier drugs, and $116 for fourth-tier drugs [Figure 9.6].
• Among covered workers in plans with three or more tiers of cost sharing for prescription drugs, the average coinsurance rate is 18% for first-tier drugs, 25% second-tier drugs, 37% third-tier drugs, and 27% for fourth-tier drugs [Figure 9.6].
• Nine percent of covered workers are in a plan with two tiers for prescription drug cost sharing (excluding tiers covering only specialty drugs).
• For these workers, copayments are more common than coinsurance in the first-tier [Figure 9.3]. The average copayment is $12 for the first tier and $40 for the second tier. [Figure 9.6].
• Seven percent of covered workers are in a plan with the same cost sharing for prescriptions regardless of the type of drug (excluding tiers covering only specialty drugs).
• Among these workers, 23% have copayments and 77% have a coinsurance rate [Figure 9.3].

Figure 9.3: Among Covered Workers With Prescription Drug Coverage, Distribution With the Following Types of Cost Sharing for Prescription Drugs, 2022

Figure 9.4: Among Covered Workers With Three or More Tiers of Prescription Drug Cost Sharing, Distribution With the Following Types of Cost Sharing, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 9.5: Among Covered Workers With Three or More Tiers of Prescription Drug Cost Sharing, Distribution With the Following Types of Cost Sharing, by Plan Type, 2022

Figure 9.6: Among Covered Workers With Prescription Drug Coverage, Average Copayments and Coinsurance, 2022

COINSURANCE MAXIMUMS

• Coinsurance rates for prescription drugs often include maximum and/or minimum dollar amounts. Depending on the plan design, coinsurance maximums can significantly limit the amount an enrollee must spend out-of-pocket for higher-cost drugs. Even in plans without explicit coinsurance maximum amounts, the overall plan out-of-pocket maximum limits enrollee cost sharing on covered services, including prescription drugs.
• These coinsurance minimum and maximum amounts vary across tiers and plan designs.
• For example, among covered workers in a plan with coinsurance for the third cost-sharing tier, 27% have only a maximum dollar amount attached to the coinsurance rate, 7% have only a minimum dollar amount, 43% have both a minimum and maximum dollar amount, and 23% have neither. For those in a plan with coinsurance for the fourth cost-sharing tier, 49% have only a maximum dollar amount attached to the coinsurance rate, 4% have only a minimum dollar amount, 20% have both a minimum and maximum dollar amount, and 26% have neither [Figure 9.7].

Figure 9.7: Distribution of Coinsurance Structures for Covered Workers Facing a Coinsurance for Prescription Drugs, 2022

SEPARATE TIERS FOR SPECIALTY DRUGS

• Specialty drugs, such as biologics that may be used to treat chronic conditions or some cancer drugs, can be quite expensive and often require special handling and administration. We revised our questions beginning with the 2016 survey to obtain more information about formulary tiers that are exclusively for specialty drugs. We are reporting results only among large firms because a small firm respondents had large shares of “don’t know” responses to some of these questions.
• Ninety-eight percent of covered workers at large firms have coverage for specialty drugs [Figure 9.8]. Among these workers, 61% are in a plan with at least one cost-sharing tier just for specialty drugs [Figure 9.9].
• Among covered workers at large firms in a plan with at least one separate tier for specialty drugs, 42% have a copayment for specialty drugs and 49% have coinsurance [Figure 9.10]. The average copayment is $103 and the average coinsurance rate is 25% [Figure 9.11]. Sixty-five percent of those with coinsurance have a maximum dollar limit on the amount of coinsurance they must pay.

Figure 9.8: Among Large Firms With Prescription Drug Coverage, Percentage of Covered Workers Whose Plan With the Largest Enrollment Includes Coverage for Specialty Drugs, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 9.9: Among Large Firms Whose Prescription Drug Coverage Includes Specialty Drugs, Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Plan That Has a Separate Tier for Specialty Drugs, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 9.10: Among Covered Workers at Large Firms Enrolled in a Plan With a Separate Tier for Specialty Drugs, Distribution of the Following Types of Cost Sharing, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 9.11: Among Covered Workers at Large Firms Enrolled in a Plan With a Separate Tier for Specialty Drugs, Average Copayments and Coinsurance, by Firm Size, 2017 & 2022

DELAYING FORMULARY CHANGES

Seventeen percent of firms with 500 or more employees with coverage for prescription drugs say that they or their Pharmacy Benefit Manager (PBM) made changes over the past two years to the formulary for their plan with the largest enrollment to delay the inclusion of new high-cost drug therapies until they are proven effective.

• Among these firms, those with 5,000 or more employees were more likely to make such a change (27%) and firms with 500 to 999 employees were less likely to (12%) [Figure 9.12].
• A meaningful share of these employers (30%) did not know the answer to this question.

Figure 9.12: Among Firms Offering Prescription Drug Coverage, Percentage of Firms Which Changed Their Formulary to Delay the Inclusion of New High-Cost Drug Therapies Until They Are Proven Effective, by Firm Size, 2022

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Generic drugs

• Drugs that are no longer covered by patent protection and thus may be produced and/or distributed by multiple drug companies.

Preferred drugs

• Drugs included on a formulary or preferred drug list; for example, a brand-name drug without a generic substitute.

Non-preferred drugs

• Drugs not included on a formulary or preferred drug list; for example, a brand-name drug with a generic substitute.

Fourth-tier drugs

• New types of cost-sharing arrangements that typically build additional layers of higher copayments or coinsurance for specifically identified types of drugs, such as lifestyle drugs or biologics.

Specialty drugs

• Specialty drugs such as biological drugs are high cost drugs that may be used to treat chronic conditions such as blood disorder, arthritis or cancer. Often times they require special handling and may be administered through injection or infusion.

Many firms, particularly larger firms, choose to pay for some or all of the health services of their workers directly from their own funds rather than by purchasing health insurance for them. This is called self-funding. Both public and private employers can use self-funding to provide health benefits. Federal law (the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or ERISA) exempts self-funded plans established by private employers (but not public employers) from most state insurance laws, including reserve requirements, mandated benefits, premium taxes, and many consumer protection regulations. Sixty-five percent of covered workers are in a self-funded health plan in 2022. Self-funding is common among larger firms because they can spread the risk of costly claims over a large number of workers and dependents. Some employers which sponsor self-funded plans purchase stoploss coverage to limit their liabilities.

In recent years, a complex funding option, often called level-funding, has become more widely available to small employers. Level-funded arrangements are nominally self-funded options that package together a self-funded plan with extensive stoploss coverage that significantly reduces the risk retained by the employer. Thirty-five percent of covered workers in small firms (3-199 workers) are in a level-funded plan.

SELF-FUNDED PLANS

• Sixty-five percent of covered workers are in a plan that is self-funded, similar to the percentage (64%) last year [Figure 10.1] and [Figure 10.2].
• The percentage of covered workers enrolled in self-funded plans is higher than the percentage ten years ago (60%) [Figure 10.2].
• As expected, covered workers in large firms are significantly more likely to be in a self-funded plan than covered workers in small firms (82% vs. 20%) [Figure 10.1] and [Figure 10.3].

Figure 10.1: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Self-Funded Plan, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 10.2: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Self-Funded Plan, by Firm Size, 1999-2022

Figure 10.3: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Self-Funded Plan, by Firm Size, Region, and Industry, 2022

Figure 10.4: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Self-Funded Plan, by Plan Type and Firm Size, 2022

Figure 10.5: Percentage of Covered Workers Enrolled in a Self-Funded Plan by Firm Ownership Type, 2022

LEVEL-FUNDED PLANS

In the past few years, insurers have begun offering health plans that provide a nominally self-funded option for small or mid-sized employers that incorporates stoploss insurance with relatively low attachment points. Often, the insurer calculates an expected monthly expense for the employer, which includes a share of the estimated annual cost for benefits, premium for the stoploss protection, and an administrative fee. The employer pays this “level premium” amount, with the potential for some reconciliation between the employer and the insurer at the end of the year, if claims differ significantly from the estimated amount. These policies are sold as self-funded plans, so they generally are not subject to state requirements for insured plans and, for those sold to employers with fewer than 50 employees, are not subject to the rating and benefit standards in the ACA for small firms.

Due to the complexity of the funding (and regulatory status) of these plans, and because employers often pay a monthly amount that resembles a premium, respondents may be confused as to whether or not their health plan is self-funded or insured. We asked employers with fewer than 200 workers whether they have a level-funded plan.

• Thirty-eight percent of small firms report offering health benefits offer a level-funded plan in 2022, similar to the percentage (42%) last year. Last year we reported a substantial increase from 2020, so it is possible that the instability reflects some uncertainty among respondents over the type of plan that they have. These arrangements are complex and are labeled differently by different carriers, so they are difficult to describe them accurately to respondents. We modified our survey question somewhat for 2022 to provide more examples of how these plans are labeled in the market, although we may have expected this to increase rather than decrease the reported prevalence. That said, this is an important development in the small group market so we will continue to monitor the prevalence of these plans [Figure 10.6].

Figure 10.6: Among Covered Workers at Small Firms, Percentage Enrolled in a Level-Funded or Self-Funded Plan, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 10.7: Among Covered Workers at Small Firms, Percentage Enrolled in a Level-Funded or Self-Insured Plan, by Firm Size, 2022

STOPLOSS COVERAGE

Employers purchase insurance, often referred to as “stoploss” coverage, to limit the amount that they may have to pay for claims in a self-funded plan. There are different types of stoploss; for example a stoploss policy may cover any amount that the plan sponsor must pay over a specified amount for each worker or enrollee (referred to as specific stoploss coverage) or it may limit the total amount the plan sponsor must pay for all claims in the plan over the plan year (referred to as aggregate stoploss coverage). Stoploss coverage also could be focused on particular types of claims. A firm may have more than one type of stoploss coverage.

• At large firms (200 or more workers), 72% of covered workers in self-funded health plans are in plans that have stoploss insurance [Figure 10.8]. The percentage this year is not significantly higher than the percentage last year (62%) but is higher than the percentages in other recent years (61% in 2020) and (59% in 2018) [Figure 10.9].

Figure 10.8: Among Covered Workers Enrolled in a Self-Funded Plan (At Firms With 50 or More Workers), Percentage Covered by Stoploss Insurance, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 10.9: Among Covered Workers Enrolled in a Self-Funded Plan, Percentage Covered by Stoploss Insurance (At Firms With 50 or More Workers), by Firm Size, 2011-2022

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Self-Funded Plan An insurance arrangement in which the employer assumes direct financial responsibility for the costs of enrollees’ medical claims. Employers sponsoring self-funded plans typically contract with a third-party administrator or insurer to provide administrative services for the self-funded plan. In some cases, the employer may buy stoploss coverage from an insurer to protect the employer against very large claims.Fully-Insured Plan An insurance arrangement in which the employer contracts with a health plan that assumes financial responsibility for the costs of enrollees’ medical claims.Level-Funded Plan An insurance arrangement in which the employer makes a set payment each month to an insurer or third party administrator which funds a reserve account for claims, administrative costs, and premiums for stop-loss coverage. When claims are lower than expected, surplus claims payments may be refunded at the end of the contract.

Stoploss Coverage Stoploss coverage limits the amount that a plan sponsor has to pay in claims. Stoploss coverage may limit the amount of claims that must be paid for each employee or may limit the total amount the plan sponsor must pay for all claims over the plan year.

Attachment Point Attachment points refer to the amount at which the insurer begins to pay its obligations for stoploss coverage, either because plan, individual or claim spending exceed a designated value.

Retiree health benefits are an important consideration for older workers making decisions about their retirement. Retiree benefits can be a crucial source of coverage for people retiring before Medicare eligibility. For retirees with Medicare coverage, retiree health benefits can provide an important supplement to Medicare, helping them pay for cost sharing and benefits not otherwise covered by Medicare.

This year’s survey finds that 21% of large firms offering health benefits offer retiree health benefits, a decrease from the percentage in 2021 (27%).

This survey asks retiree health benefits questions only of large firms (200 or more workers).

EMPLOYER RETIREE BENEFITS

• In 2022, 21% of large firms that offer health benefits offer retiree health benefits for at least some current workers or retirees, lower than the percentage last year [Figure 11.1]. In 2019, we modified the question that we use to ask firms whether or not they provide retiree health benefits, to explicitly say “yes” if they still had some retirees getting coverage even if they terminated retiree health benefits (for current workers) or if they had current employees who will get retiree health coverage in the future. For this reason, estimates of retiree health benefits from 2019 and after are not comparable to prior survey estimates.
• Retiree health benefits offer rates vary considerably by firm characteristics.
• Among large firms offering health benefits, the likelihood that a firm will offer retiree health benefits increases with firm size [Figure 11.2].
• The share of large firms offering retiree health benefits varies considerably by industry [Figure 11.2].
• Among large firms offering health benefits, public employers are more likely (63%) and private for-profit employers are less likely (14%) to offer retiree health benefits than other firm types [Figure 11.3].
• Large firms offering health benefits with at least some union workers are more likely to offer retiree health benefits than large firms without any union workers (38% vs. 16%) [Figure 11.3].
• Large firms offering health benefits with a relatively large share of older workers (where at least 35% of the workers are age 50 or older) are more likely to offer retiree health benefits than large firms with a smaller share of older workers (27% vs. 15%) [Figure 11.3].

Figure 11.1: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits to Active Workers, Percentage of Firms Offering Retiree Health Benefits, 1988-2022

Figure 11.2: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits to Active Workers, Percentage of Firms Offering Retiree Health Benefits, by Firm Size, Region, and Industry, 2022

Figure 11.3: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits to Active Workers, Percentage of Firms Offering Retiree Health Benefits, by Firm Characteristics, 2022

COVERAGE FOR EARLY RETIREES AND MEDICARE-AGE RETIREES

• Among large firms offering retiree health benefits, 89% offer benefits to early retirees under the age of 65 and 62% offer them to Medicare-age retirees [Figure 11.4].
• Among all large firms offering health benefits to current workers, 13% offer retiree health benefits to Medicare-age retirees.
• Among large firms offering retiree health benefits, 57% offer benefits to both early and Medicare-age retirees.

Figure 11.4: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits to Active Workers and Retirees, Percentage of Firms Offering Health Benefits to Early and Medicare-Age Retirees, 2000-2022

BENEFIT ELIGIBILITY

• Among large firms offering retiree benefits, a large share (88%) report offering health benefits to the spouses of retirees [Figure 11.5].

Figure 11.5: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits to Active Workers and Retirees, Percentage of Firms Offering Retiree Health Benefits to Retirees’ Spouse, by Firm Size, 2022

MEDICARE ADVANTAGE

• Fifty percent of large employers offering retiree health benefits to Medicare-age retirees offer coverage to at least some Medicare-age retirees through a contract with a Medicare Advantage plan, similar to last year (45%) [Figure 11.6].

Figure 11.6: Among Large Firms That Offer Retiree Health Benefits to Medicare-Age Retirees, Percentage of Firms That Contract With a Medicare Advantage (MA) Plan, 2022

Most firms offer some form of wellness program to help workers and family members identify health issues and manage chronic conditions. Some employers believe that improving the health of their workers and their family members can improve wellbeing and productivity, as well as reduce health care spending

In addition to offering wellness programs, a majority of large firms now offer health screening programs, including health risk assessments, which are questionnaires asking workers about lifestyle, stress, or physical health, and biometric screening, which we define as in-person health examinations conducted by a medical professional. Firms and insurers may use the health information collected during screenings to target wellness offerings or other health services to workers with certain conditions or behaviors. Some firms have incentive programs that reward or penalize workers for different activities, including participating in wellness programs or completing health screenings.

Among large firms offering health benefits in 2022, 55% offer workers the opportunity to complete a health risk assessment, 45% offer workers the opportunity to complete a biometric screening, and 85% offer workers one or more wellness programs, such as programs to help them stop smoking or lose weight, or programs that offer lifestyle and behavioral coaching. Substantial shares of these large firms provide incentives for workers to participate in or complete the programs.

Only firms offering health benefits were asked about their wellness and health promotion programs.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we changed the focus of our questions in 2021 to look at how employers were modifying their health screening and health promotions in response to the COVID-19, in particular to address the large share of the workforce that was working remotely. For the 2022 survey we have reverted to our normal questions about these programs. Due to this break in continuity and because we know that some employers made changes to their screening and wellness programs as the pandemic intensified, we make comparisons to pre-pandemic findings from 2019.

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENTS

Many firms provide workers the opportunity to complete a health risk assessment to identify potential health issues. Health risk assessments generally include questions about medical history, health status, and lifestyle. At small firms, health risk assessments are often administered by an insurer.

• Among firms offering health benefits, 40% of small firms and 55% of large firms provide workers the opportunity to complete a health risk assessment [Figure 12.1]. The percentage of large firms with a health risk assessment program is lower than the percentage in 2019 (65%).
• Some firms offer incentives to encourage workers to complete a health risk assessment.
• Among large firms that offer a health risk assessment, 50% use incentives or penalties to encourage workers to complete the assessment, the same as the percentage (50%) in 2019 [Figure 12.2].

Figure 12.1: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Provide an Opportunity to Complete a Health Risk Assessment, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 12.2: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits and Providing an Opportunity to Complete a Health Risk Assessment (HRA), Percentage of Firms That Offer Workers Incentives to Complete the HRA, by Firm Size, 2022

BIOMETRIC SCREENING

Biometric screening is a health examination that measures a person’s risk factors (such as cholesterol, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI)) for certain medical issues. A biometric outcome involves assessing whether the person meets specified health targets related to certain risk factors, such as meeting a target BMI or cholesterol level. As defined by this survey, goals related to smoking are not included in the biometric screening questions.

The share of firms with biometric screening fell during 2021, likely due to COVID-19-related disruptions at workplaces, such as employees working remotely and reduced access at on-site health clinics.

• Among firms offering health benefits, 24% of small firms and 45% of large firms provide workers the opportunity to complete a biometric screening [Figure 12.3]. The percentage of large firms with a biometric screening program is higher than the percentage in 2021 (38%). This suggests that some large employers are reinstating or revamping programs that were discontinued or suspended during the pandemic [Figure 12.4].
• Some firms with biometric screening programs offer incentives to encourage workers to complete a biometric screening.

Among large firms with a biometric screening program, 57% use incentives or penalties to encourage workers to complete the assessment, similar to the percentage (58%) in 2019 [Figure 12.5].

• In addition to incentives for completing a biometric screening, some firms offer workers incentives to meet biometric outcomes, such as maintaining a certain cholesterol level or body weight. Among large firms with a biometric screening program, 18% have incentives or penalties tied to whether workers meet or achieve specified biometric outcomes, similar to the percentage (14%) in 2019 [Figure 12.5].
• The size of the incentives firms offer for meeting biometric outcomes varies considerably. Among large firms offering a reward or penalty for meeting biometric outcomes, the maximum reward is valued at $150 or less for 16% of firms and more than $1,000 for 21% of firms [Figure 12.6]. Nineteen percent of these firms combine the reward with incentives for other activities. This may include employers who ask employees to complete several health screening, disease management, wellness/health promotion activities in order to qualify for incentives.

Figure 12.3: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Provide an Opportunity to Complete a Biometric Screening, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 12.4: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Provide an Opportunity to Complete Biometric Screening, 2012-2022

Figure 12.5: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits and Providing an Opportunity to Complete a Biometric Screening, Percentage of Firms With Incentives to Complete the Screening or Achieve Biometric Outcomes, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 12.6: Among Large Firms Offering Workers an Incentive to Meet Biometric Outcomes, Maximum Value a Worker Can Receive for Achieving Outcomes, 2015-2022

Figure 12.7: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Provide an Opportunity to Complete a Biometric Screening or a Health Risk Assessment, by Region and Industry, 2022

HEALTH SCREENING PROGRAMS

Among firms offering health benefits, 48% of small firms and 65% of large firms offer workers a health risk assessment, biometric screening or both screening programs [Figure 12.8].

Figure 12.8: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage With Health Screening Programs, 2022

Figure 12.9: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage With Either a Health Risk Assessment or a Biometric Screening, 2013-2022

Figure 12.10: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Offering Specific Wellness Programs to Their Workers, by Firm Size and Region, 2022

WELLNESS AND HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMS

Large shares of employers continue to offer educational and other programs to help workers engage in healthy lifestyles and reduce health risks. Wellness and health promotion programs may include exercise programs, health education classes, health coaching, and stress-management counseling. These programs may be offered directly by the firm, an insurer, or a third-party contractor.

• Among firms offering health benefits, 43% of small firms and 74% of large firms offer programs to help workers stop smoking or using tobacco, 39% of small firms and 65% of large firms offer programs to help workers lose weight, and 38% of small firms and 76% of large firms offer some other lifestyle or behavioral coaching program. Overall, 54% of small firms and 85% of large firms offering health benefits offer at least one of these three programs [Figure 12.11] and [Figure 12.12].
• Forty percent of large firms offering one of these wellness or health promotion programs offer an incentive to encourage workers to participate in or complete the programs [Figure 12.13]

Figure 12.11: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Offering Specific Wellness Programs to Their Workers, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 12.12: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Offering Wellness Programs, by Firm Size, 2015-2022

Figure 12.13: Among Firms Offering Specific Wellness Programs, Percentage of Firms That Offer Incentives to Participate in or Complete Wellness Programs, by Firm Size, 2022

INCENTIVES FOR WELLNESS AND HEALTH SCREENING PROGRAMS

Firms with incentives for health risk assessments, biometric screenings, or wellness or health promotion programs were asked to report the maximum reward or penalty a worker could earn for all of the firm’s health promotion activities combined. Some firms do not offer incentives for individual activities, but offer rewards to workers who complete a variety of activities.²² Among large firms offering incentives for any of these programs, the maximum value for all wellness-related incentives is $150 or less in 21% of firms and more than $1,000 in 20% of firms [Figure 12.15].

Figure 12.14: Among Large Firms That Offer Workers an Incentive to Participate in or Complete Any Health Promotion Programs, Maximum Annual Value of the Incentive for All Programs Combined, 2015-2022

Figure 12.15: Among Large Firms Offering Workers an Incentive for Any Health Promotion Programs, Maximum Annual Value of the Incentive for All Programs Combined, 2022

Figure 12.16: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Offering Various Wellness and Health Promotion Activities and Incentives, by Firm Size, 2022

EFFECTIVENESS OF WELLNESS AND HEALTH SCREENING PROGRAMS

Large firms (200 or more workers) offering one or more health promotion or health screening programs were asked whether they believed the programs were effective in meeting certain objectives often offered as reasons to have these programs. Firms offering these programs may have different objectives for different programs, so we offered respondents the opportunity to say that a specific objective was not a goal of their programs.

Among large firms offering one or more of these programs:

• Reducing the firm’s health care costs – Only 9% said that their programs were “very effective” at reducing health care costs, 23% said that they were “moderately effective”, 42% said that they were “only slightly effective” or “not at all effective”, 11% said that reducing health care costs is not an objective of their programs, and 16% did not know [Figure 12.17].
• Reducing health care utilization – Only 6% said that their programs were “very effective” at reducing the use of health care, 25% said that they were “moderately effective”, 34% said that they were “only slightly effective” or “not at all effective”, 19% said that reducing health care use is not an objective of their programs, and 16% did not know [Figure 12.17].
• Reducing employee absenteeism – Only 4% said that their programs were “very effective” at reducing absenteeism by employees, 18% said that they were “moderately effective”, 36% said that they were “only slightly effective” or “not at all effective”, 26% said that reducing employee absenteeism is not an objective of their programs, and 17% did not know [Figure 12.17].
• Improving the health and well being of enrollees – Fourteen percent said that their programs were “very effective” at improving the health and well being of enrollees, 35% said that they were “moderately effective”, 27% said that they were “only slightly effective” or “not at all effective”, 7% said that improving the health and well being is not an objective of their programs, and 17% did not know [Figure 12.17].
• Being valued as a benefit by employees – Nineteen percent said that their programs were “very effective” at being valued as a benefit by their employees, 35% said that they were “moderately effective”, 22% said that they were “only slightly effective” or “not at all effective”, 7% said that being valued as a benefit is not an objective of their programs, and 17% did not know [Figure 12.17].

Figure 12.17: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits and a Wellness or Health Screening Programs, Firms Opinion of How Effective Programs Are at Meeting Various Goals, 2022

Figure 12.18: Among Large Firms (5,000 or More Workers) Offering Health Benefits and a Wellness or Health Screening Programs, Firms Opinion of How Effective Programs Are at Meeting Various Goals, 2022

DIGITAL CONTENT FOR WELLNESS PROGRAMS

Sixty-one percent of large firms with a wellness program, including 72% of those with 5,000 or more employees, have added digital content to one or more of their wellness programs in the last two years [Figure 12.19].

• Among large firms that added digital content to a wellness program, 8% say that employees have engaged “a great deal” with the digital content, 39% say that employees have engaged “somewhat,” 22% say that employees have engaged “very little” or “not at all,” and 31% do not know [Figure 12.20].

Figure 12.19: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits and a Wellness or Health Screening Programs, Percentage of Firms That Added New Vendors or Digital Content to Their Wellness Programs in the Past Two Years, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 12.20: Among Large Firms Which Added Digital Content to Their Wellness Program, How Much Engagement Does Digital Content Get From Employees, by Firm Size, 2022

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22. In 2022, less than one percent of firms indicated that they had an incentive for completing health risk assessments, biometric screenings, or wellness or health promotion programs, but had a maximum incentive of zero dollars. These firms may have non-monetary incentives such as preferred parking spots or employee recognition programs.↩︎

Employers frequently review and modify their health plans to incorporate new options or adapt to new circumstances. We continue to monitor the use of telemedicine, and ask about changes in the health or policy environments.

In 2021, with employers focused on COVID-19, we modified the survey to focus on how employers were adjusting their benefits and policies in response to the pandemic. Changes in telemedicine and access to mental health services received particular attention. For 2022 we continued our focus on telemedicine and mental health, although not necessarily through a COVID-19 lens. We also asked employers about their satisfaction with different aspects of their health benefits and health plan options, as well as about health benefit options targeted to lower-wage employees.

EMPLOYER SATISFACTION WITH HEALTH BENEFIT OFFERINGS

We asked employers about their level of satisfaction with their several aspects of their health plan offerings, including the overall costs for employees, access to care, including access to mental health services, quality of care, and adequacy of plan networks.

• A large share (66%) of firms offering health benefits said they were “very satisfied” or “satisfied” with the overall cost of care for their employees. Large firms are more likely to be at least “satisfied” with the overall cost of care than small firms (79% vs. 65%)[Figure 13.1] and [Figure 13.2].
• Among firms offering health benefits, 39% are “very satisfied” and another 48% are “satisfied” with the quality of the health care providers participating in their health plan networks. These percentages are similar for large and small firms [Figure 13.1].
• Among firms offering health benefits, 30% are “very satisfied” and another 58% are “satisfied” with the timely access to services for plan enrollees. These percentages are similar for large and small firms.
• Among firms offering health benefits, 14% are “very satisfied” and another 54% are “satisfied” with access to behavioral health care in their health plans for enrollees who need it. Large firms are more likely than small firms to be “very satisfied” with access to behavioral health care in their health plans (25% vs. 13%), while small firms are more likely to say that they do not know (22% vs. 7%) [Figure 13.1].
• Among firms offering health benefits, 15% are “very satisfied” and another 61% are “satisfied” with the level of employee engagement with the plan and providers. These percentages are similar for large and small firms.

Figure 13.1: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Firm’s Satisfaction With Aspects of Firm’s Health Plans, 2022

Figure 13.2: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Firm’s Satisfaction With Aspects of Firm’s Health Plans, 2022

TELEMEDICINE

Access to telemedicine benefits, which had been growing steadily before the COVID-19 pandemic, skyrocketed during the lockdown period as people sheltered at home and refrained from seeking non-emergency health care. Both state and federal policymakers took steps to reduce regulatory barriers to the provision of telemedicine services, while employers and insurers also took steps to make it easier for patients to use them. We asked employers about their telemedicine benefit offerings as well as whether they view these benefits as an important source of access to health care in the future.

We define telemedicine as the delivery of health care services through telecommunications to a patient from a provider who is at a remote location, including video chat and remote monitoring. This generally does not include the mere exchange of information via email, exclusively web-based resources, or online information that a plan may make available, unless a health professional provides information specific to the enrollee`s condition. We note that during the coronavirus pandemic, some plans have eased their definitions to allow more types of digital communication to be reimbursed.

• Among firms with 50 or more workers offering health benefits, 87% of small firms and 96% of large firms cover the provision of some health care services through telemedicine in their largest health plan [Figure 13.3].
• The percentage of small firms (50-199 workers) offering telemedicine benefits in 2022 is lower than the percentage last year (87% vs. 94%). As a result of this change for small firms, the percentage of all firms offering telemedicine benefits also is lower this year [Figure 13.3].
• The percentages of small firms (50-199 workers) and large firms reporting that they cover services through telemedicine are much higher than they were three years ago (87% vs. 65% for small firms and 96% vs. 82% for large firms) [Figure 13.3].
• Among firms with 50 or more employees offering telemedicine services, 24% use a specialized telemedicine service provider, such as Teledoc, Doctor on Demand, OR MDLIVE, 59% offer services through their health plan, 14% offer services through both a specialized telemedicine provider and their health plan, and 3% provide services through some other arrangement [Figure 13.4].
• Small firms are more likely than larger firms to provide telemedicine services only through their health plan (63% vs. 46%) [Figure 13.4].
• Large firms are more likely than smaller firms to provide telemedicine services through a specialized telemedicine provider (32% vs. 21%) or through both a specialized telemedicine provider and their health plan (20% vs. 13%) [Figure 13.4].
• Among firms with 50 or more employees offering health benefits, only 4% have contracted with a new telemedicine service provider within the last 12 months [Figure 13.6].
• Among firms with 50 or more employees offering telemedicine benefits, 37% say that telemedicine is “very important” in providing access to mental health services for enrollees, and another 38% say that it is “important” to providing access to these services. Large firms are more likely than small firms to say that telemedicine is “very important” to providing access to mental health services. (47% vs. 34%) while small firms are more likely than large firms to say that they do not know [Figure 13.16].
• We asked firms offering health benefits how important they felt telemedicine would be in providing access for their employees to certain types of services in the coming years. Among these firms:
• Behavioral Health Services – Thirty-six percent say that telemedicine will be “very important” in providing access to behavioral health services in the future, and another 31% say that it will be “important” to providing access to these services. Large firms are more likely than small firms to say that telemedicine will be “very important” to providing access to these services. (55% vs. 36%) [Figure 13.7].
• Primary Care – Thirty-three percent say that telemedicine will be “very important” in providing access to primary care in the future, and another 33% say that it will be “important” to providing access primary care].
• Specialty Care – Twenty-seven percent say that telemedicine will be “very important” in providing access to specialty care in the future, and another 31% say that it will be “important” to providing access to specialty care.
• Enrollees in Remote Areas – Forty percent say that telemedicine will be “very important” in providing future access to care for enrollees in remote areas, and another 27% say that it will be “important” to providing future access for remote enrollees. Large firms are more likely than small firms to say that telemedicine will be “very important” to providing access for enrollees in remote areas (54% vs. 39%) while small firms are more likely than large firms to say that telemedicine will be “not important” in providing access for remote enrollees (12% vs. 5%) or to say that they do not know [Figure 13.7].
• We asked firms with 50 or more employees offering telemedicine benefits about their expectations and experience with telemedicine use and cost. Among these employers:
• Thirty-four percent expect the use of telemedicine to increase in 2022 as compared to last year, 14% expect it to decrease, and 42% expect it to stay about the same [Figure 13.8].
• Four percent say that their costs have increased as a result of telemedicine, 6% say that costs have decreased, 63% say that costs have stayed about the same, and 27% say that they do not know [Figure 13.9].
• Virtually no firms reported introducing any restrictions on telemedicine benefits due to concerns about use or cost in 2022. Eighty-five percent say that they have not introduced restrictions and 15% say that they do not know.

Figure 13.3: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Whose Plan With the Largest Enrollment Covers Telemedicine, by Firm Size, 2015-2022

Figure 13.4: Among Firms Offering Telemedicine Health Benefits, Structure of the Firm’s Telemedicine Coverage, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 13.5: Among Large Firms Offering Telemedicine Health Benefits Through the Health Plan, How Reimbursment for Primary Care Compares Between Telehealth and In-Person Rates, 2022

Figure 13.6: Among Firms Offering Telemedicine Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Have Contracted With a New Telemedicine Service Provider in the Last 12 Months, 2022

Figure 13.7: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, How Important Will Telemedicine Be in Providing Access to Various Groups Going Forward, 2022

Figure 13.8: Among Firms Offering Telemedicine Health Benefits, How the Firm Expects Telehealth Use Will Compare to Last Year, 2022

Figure 13.9: Among Firms Offering Telemedicine Health Benefits, As a Result of Telemedicine How Have the Firm’s Costs Changed, 2022

FIRM APPROACHES TO PLAN NETWORKS

Firms and health plans structure their networks of providers to ensure access to care, as well as to encourage enrollees to use providers who are lower cost, or who provide better care. Periodically we ask employers about network strategies, such as using tiered or narrow networks.

• Overall, employers report being satisfied with the choice of provider networks made available to them by their insurer or plan administrator.
• Among firms offering health benefits, 40% report being “very satisfied” and 46% report being “satisfied” by the choice of provider networks available to them [Figure 13.10].
• Employers are somewhat less satisfied with the cost of the provider networks available to them from their insurer or administrator. Among employers offering health benefits, only 9% of firms report being “very satisfied” while 49% report being “satisfied” with the cost of provider networks available to them. Large firms are more likely than small firms to be “very satisfied” with the cost of the provider networks available to them. Small firms are more likely than large firms to be “very dissatisfied” [Figure 13.10].
• Some employers offer a health plan with a relatively small, or narrow, network of providers to their employees. Narrow network plans limit the number of providers that can participate in order to reduce costs, and generally are more restrictive than standard HMO networks.
• Nine percent of firms offering health benefits report that they offer at least one plan that they considered to be a narrow network plan, similar to the percentage reported in 2020 [Figure 13.12].
• Firms with 5,000 or more workers offering health benefits are more likely than firms of other sizes to offer at least one plan with a narrow network (20%) [Figure 13.11].
• We asked employers offering health benefits to characterize the breadth of the provider network in their plan with the largest enrollment. Fifty percent of firms say that the network in the plan with the largest enrollment is “very broad,” 37% say it is “somewhat broad,” and 12% say it is ‘somewhat narrow’ [Figure 13.13].
• Large firms are more likely than small firms to characterize the network in their largest health plan to be “very broad” (63% vs. 50%) [Figure 13.13].
• We also asked employers offering health benefits to characterize the breadth of the network for mental health and substance use services in their plan with the largest enrollment. Twenty percent of firms say that the network for mental health and substance use in the plan with the largest enrollment is “very broad,” 51% say it is “somewhat broad,” 21% say it is “somewhat narrow,” and 8% say it is “very narrow” [Figure 13.13].
• Large firms are more likely than small firms to characterize the network for mental health and substance use services in their largest health plan as “very broad” (30% vs. 19%) [Figure 13.13].
• We asked firms offering health benefits about whether they believed that the provider network for their health plan with the largest enrollment provided timely access to certain services.
• Over four in five (82%) firms offering health benefits believe that there are a sufficient number primary care providers in the plan’s networks to provide timely access to services for workers and their family members [Figure 13.15].
• In contrast, only 44% of firms offering health benefits believe that there is a sufficient number of behavioral health providers in the plan’s network to provide timely access to services for workers and their family members. Thirty-three percent of small firms and 18% of large firms do not know the answer to this question [Figure 13.15].

Figure 13.10: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Satisfaction With Provider Networks Available From Insurer or Third Party Administrator, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 13.11: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Offer a Narrow Network Plan, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 13.12: Among Firms With 50 or More Workers Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms That Offer a Narrow Network Plan, by Firm Size, 2014-2022

Figure 13.13: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, How Broad the Firm Considers Their Largest Plan’s Provider Network, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 13.14: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, How Broad the Firm Considers Their Largest Plan’s Provider Network, by Firm Size, 2020-2022

Figure 13.15: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Believe That There Are a Sufficient Number of Providers in Their Plan’s Networks to Provide Timely Access to Services, by Firm Size, 2022

MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH

Access to mental and behavioral health services has been an issue for employers and policymakers for a number of years. The COVID-19 pandemic, with the accompanying social and economic disruptions, focused even more attention this topic. In the 2021 survey, we documented steps that employers and health plans were taking to improve access and meet the increased demand for these services. This year we asked employers about the demand for and use of these services, and whether they took further steps to expand access in 2022. The issue of network adequacy for mental and behavioral health services is addressed in the next section.

• Among firms with 50 or more workers offering health benefits, 22% of small firms and 48% of large firms say that the percentage of employees receiving mental health services increased in the last year. Large shares of small firms (48%) and large firms (38%) responded “Don’t Know” to this question [Figure 13.17].
• Among firms with 50 or more workers offering health benefits, 6% of small firms and 14% of large firms say that the percentage of employees receiving services for substance use conditions increased in the last year. As with the question about mental health services, large shares of small firms (49%) and large firms (52%) responded “Don’t Know” to this question [Figure 13.17].
• Among firms with 50 or more workers offering health benefits, 13% of small firms and 29% of large firms say that the percentage of employees requesting FMLA leave for mental health conditions increased in the last year [Figure 13.18].
• We asked all firms offering health benefits whether they were concerned with the growth of substance use conditions among their employees since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. A relatively small share of firms say that they are concerned “a great deal” about the growth of substance conditions (2%), 14% say that they are “somewhat” concerned, 35% say that they are concerned “a very little,” and 40% say that they are “not at all” concerned [Figure 13.19].
• Large firms are more likely than small firms to say that they are concerned “a great deal” (7% vs. 2%) or “somewhat” concerned (36% vs. 13%) [Figure 13.19].
• Small firms are more likely than large firms to say that they are “not at all” concerned (41% vs. 16%) [Figure 13.19].
• We asked firms with 50 or more workers offering health benefits if they had taken steps to expand the availability of mental health services.
• Ten percent of small firms and 22% of large firms, including 33% of firms with 1,000 or more workers, say they expanded the availability of mental health services by adding new virtual providers [Figure 13.20].
• Seven percent of small firms and 14% of large firms say they expanded the availability of mental health services by adding new providers or facilities for in-person care [Figure 13.20].
• Among large firms (200 or more workers) offering health benefits, 4% say that they have taken actions to reduce coverage for out-of-network mental health or substance use services, due to concerns about cost or quality of these services [Figure 13.21].
• Among large firms (200 or more workers) offering health benefits, 15% say that their health plan with the highest enrollment has a center of excellence or high-performance network for substance use or mental health services. Thirty-eight percent of these firms did not know the answer to this question [Figure 13.22].
• Among large firms (200 or more workers) offering health benefits, 44% offer employees mental health self-care applications, such as resources to guide meditation or manage stress, separate from those available through the health plan [Figure 13.23].
• Among large firms (200 or more workers) offering health benefits, a large share (81%) offer employee assistance programs, separate from those available through the health plan, for mental health [Figure 13.24].

Figure 13.16: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, How Important Firm Believe Telemedicine Is in Providing Access to Mental Health Services, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 13.17: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Have Seen an Increase in Employees Seeking Mental Health and Substance Use Services in the Past Year, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 13.18: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Have Seen an Increase in the Percentage of Employees Requesting Fmla Leave for Mental Health Conditions, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 13.19: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, How Concerned Is Firm With the Growth of Substance Use Conditions Among Employees, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 13.20: Among Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Expanded the Availability of Mental Health Services, by Firm Size, 2022

Figure 13.21: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Have Taken Actions to Reduce Coverage for Out-Of-Network Mental Health or Substance Use Services Due to Concerns About Cost or Quality of These Services, 2022

Figure 13.22: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Have a Center of Excellence or High-Performance Network for Substance Use or Mental Health Services, 2022

Figure 13.23: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Offer Mental Health Self-Care Apps, 2022

Figure 13.24: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Offer an Eap for Mental Health Services, 2022

STATE ALL-PAYER CLAIMS DATABASES

Some states have databases that collect medical claims and eligibility information from public and private health plans. The information in these databases can be used to study state and local health care markets and to compare the cost and performance of providers and payers. We asked firms with 500 or more workers about their awareness of these efforts and their participation.

• Among firms with 500 or more workers that currently offer health benefits, 12% say that they are aware of state all-payer claims databases. Firms with 5,000 or more workers are more likely to be aware of them [Figure 13.25].
• Among firms with 500 or more workers that currently offer health benefits, 9% contribute information to at least one state all-payer claims databases. Firms with 5,000 or more workers are more likely than other large firms to contribute information to a state all-payer claims database and firms with 500 to 999 workers are less likely to do so [Figure 13.26].
• We asked firms with 500 or more workers that currently offer health benefits how valuable they consider these databases for employers, the public, and policymakers. Among these employers, 14% say they have “a great deal” of value, 37% say that they are “somewhat” valuable, 10% say they have “very little” value, 3% say that they are “not at all” valuable, and 35% responded “don’t know” [Figure 13.27].

Figure 13.25: Among Large Firms (500 or More Workers) Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Are Aware of Any All-Payer Claims Databases, 2022

Figure 13.26: Among Large Firms (500 or More Workers) Aware of an Apcd, Percentage of Firms Which Contribute Information to a State All-Payer Claims Databases, 2022

Figure 13.27: Among Large Firms (500 or More Workers), How Valuable Do Firms Consider All-Payer Claims Databases for Employers, the Public and Policymaker, 2022

ASSISTANCE FOR LOWER-WAGE WORKERS

Some employers provide assistance to their lower-wage employees to help them with the costs of participating in their health plans. We asked large firms whether they provided assistance to help lower-wage workers with contributions or cost sharing.

• Ten percent of large firms offering health benefits have a program to lower the premium contributions of lower-wage workers, similar to the percentage (11%) in 2018 [Figure 13.28].
• Firms with 1,000 or more workers are more likely to have a program to lower premium contributions for lower-wage workers than other large firms, while firms with 200 to 999 workers are less likely to do so [Figure 13.28].
• Five percent of large firms offering health benefits have a program to lower the cost sharing of lower-wage workers, similar to the percentage (6%) in 2020 [Figure 13.28].

Figure 13.28: Among Large Firms Offering Health Benefits, Percentage of Firms Which Have Programs to Help Lower Wage Workers Pay for Health Expenses, 2022